Chemical Coordination and Integration - Exercises

1. Define the following: (a) Exocrine gland: Glands that have ducts and release their secretions into them. (b) Endocrine gland: Ductless glands whose secretions (hormones) are released directly into the blood. (c) Hormone: Non-nutrient chemicals that act as intercellular messengers and are produced in trace amounts.

2. Diagrammatically indicate the location of the various endocrine glands in our body. (Note: Locations described for textual format)

Brain: Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal.
Neck: Thyroid and Parathyroid.
Chest: Thymus.
Abdomen: Pancreas, Adrenal (above kidneys), Ovaries (in females).
Pelvic region: Testis (in scrotal sacs in males).

3. List the hormones secreted by the following:

(a) Hypothalamus: GnRH, Somatostatin, etc.
(b) Pituitary: GH, PRL, TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH, MSH (Anterior); Oxytocin, Vasopressin (Stored in Posterior).
(c) Thyroid: Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3), Thyrocalcitonin (TCT).
(d) Parathyroid: Parathyroid hormone (PTH).
(e) Adrenal: Adrenaline, Noradrenaline (Medulla); Cortisol, Aldosterone, Androgenic steroids (Cortex).
(f) Pancreas: Insulin (beta cells), Glucagon (alpha cells).
(g) Testis: Androgens (Testosterone).
(h) Ovary: Estrogen, Progesterone.
(i) Thymus: Thymosins.
(j) Atrium: Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF).
(k) Kidney: Erythropoietin.
(l) G-I Tract: Gastrin, Secretin, CCK, GIP.

4. Fill in the blanks:

(a) Hypothalamic hormones: Pituitary
(b) Thyrotrophin (TSH): Thyroid
(c) Corticotrophin (ACTH): Adrenal cortex
(d) Gonadotrophins (LH, FSH): Gonads (Testis/Ovary)
(e) Melanotrophin (MSH): Melanocytes

5. Write short notes on the functions of the following hormones:

(a) PTH: Increases blood Ca2+ levels by bone resorption and reabsorption from kidneys and food.
(b) Thyroid hormones: Regulate basal metabolic rate (BMR), carbohydrate/protein/fat metabolism, and RBC formation.
(c) Thymosins: Major role in T-lymphocyte differentiation and antibody production.
(d) Androgens: Regulate male sex organ development and spermatogenesis.
(e) Estrogens: Stimulate female secondary sex character development and follicle growth.
(f) Insulin and Glucagon: Jointly regulate blood glucose levels (Insulin lowers, Glucagon raises).

6. Give example(s) of:

(a) Hyperglycemic hormone: Glucagon; Hypoglycemic hormone: Insulin
(b) Hypercalcemic hormone: PTH
(c) Gonadotrophic hormones: LH, FSH
(d) Progestational hormone: Progesterone
(e) Blood pressure lowering hormone: ANF
(f) Androgens and estrogens: Testosterone and Estradiol

7. Which hormonal deficiency is responsible for the following:

(a) Diabetes mellitus: Insulin
(b) Goitre: Iodine (Thyroid hormones)
(c) Cretinism: Thyroid hormones (during pregnancy)

8. Briefly mention the mechanism of action of FSH. Answer: FSH binds to membrane-bound receptors on target ovarian cells. This interaction generates second messengers (e.g., cAMP), which trigger biochemical changes and physiological responses (e.g., follicle growth).

9. Match the following:

(a) T4 - (ii) Thyroid
(b) PTH - (iv) Parathyroid
(c) GnRH - (i) Hypothalamus
(d) LH - (iii) Pituitary

Chemical Coordination and Integration - Exercises

2. Diagrammatically indicate the location of the various endocrine glands in our body. (Note: Locations described for textual format)

Brain: Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal.

Neck: Thyroid and Parathyroid.

Chest: Thymus.

Abdomen: Pancreas, Adrenal (above kidneys), Ovaries (in females).

Pelvic region: Testis (in scrotal sacs in males).

3. List the hormones secreted by the following:

(a) Hypothalamus: GnRH, Somatostatin, etc.

(b) Pituitary: GH, PRL, TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH, MSH (Anterior); Oxytocin, Vasopressin (Stored in Posterior).

(d) Parathyroid: Parathyroid hormone (PTH).

(e) Adrenal: Adrenaline, Noradrenaline (Medulla); Cortisol, Aldosterone, Androgenic steroids (Cortex).

(f) Pancreas: Insulin (beta cells), Glucagon (alpha cells).

(g) Testis: Androgens (Testosterone).

(h) Ovary: Estrogen, Progesterone.

(i) Thymus: Thymosins.

(j) Atrium: Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF).

(k) Kidney: Erythropoietin.

(l) G-I Tract: Gastrin, Secretin, CCK, GIP.

4. Fill in the blanks:

(a) Hypothalamic hormones: Pituitary

(b) Thyrotrophin (TSH): Thyroid

(d) Gonadotrophins (LH, FSH): Gonads (Testis/Ovary)

(e) Melanotrophin (MSH): Melanocytes

5. Write short notes on the functions of the following hormones:

(a) PTH: Increases blood Ca2+ levels by bone resorption and reabsorption from kidneys and food.

(b) Thyroid hormones: Regulate basal metabolic rate (BMR), carbohydrate/protein/fat metabolism, and RBC formation.

(d) Androgens: Regulate male sex organ development and spermatogenesis.

(e) Estrogens: Stimulate female secondary sex character development and follicle growth.

(f) Insulin and Glucagon: Jointly regulate blood glucose levels (Insulin lowers, Glucagon raises).

6. Give example(s) of:

(a) Hyperglycemic hormone: Glucagon; Hypoglycemic hormone: Insulin

(b) Hypercalcemic hormone: PTH

(d) Progestational hormone: Progesterone

(e) Blood pressure lowering hormone: ANF

(f) Androgens and estrogens: Testosterone and Estradiol

7. Which hormonal deficiency is responsible for the following:

(a) Diabetes mellitus: Insulin

(b) Goitre: Iodine (Thyroid hormones)

9. Match the following:

(a) T4 - (ii) Thyroid

(b) PTH - (iv) Parathyroid

(d) LH - (iii) Pituitary

Class 11 Biology - Chapter 19 Chemical Coordination and Integration

Chemical Coordination and Integration - Exercises

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Class 11 Biology - Chapter 19 Chemical Coordination and Integration

Chemical Coordination and Integration - Exercises

On this page