Kingdom Classification - Monera

Characteristics

Unicellular: Organisms in this kingdom are single-celled.
Prokaryotic: They lack a true nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
Cell Wall: Most have a cell wall, but it is not made of cellulose.
Nutrition: Can be autotrophic (photosynthetic or chemosynthetic) or heterotrophic.
Reproduction: Primarily by binary fission.

Shape: Bacteria can have various shapes:
- Cocci: Spherical (e.g., Streptococcus)
- Bacilli: Rod-shaped (e.g., Lactobacillus)
- Spirilla: Spiral-shaped (e.g., Spirillum)
- Vibrio: Comma-shaped (e.g., Vibrio cholerae)

Food Production: Used in making yogurt, cheese, buttermilk, and vinegar.
Medicine: Used to produce antibiotics (e.g., Streptomycin) and vaccines.
Agriculture: Nitrogen-fixing bacteria (e.g., Rhizobium) convert atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form for plants, enriching soil fertility.
Decomposition: Decomposers break down dead organic matter, recycling nutrients in the ecosystem.
Bioremediation: Used to clean up oil spills and other pollutants.

Diseases: Cause various diseases in humans (e.g., Cholera, Tuberculosis, Typhoid), animals, and plants.
Food Spoilage: Cause food to rot and become unfit for consumption.
Denitrification: Some bacteria convert nitrates back into atmospheric nitrogen, reducing soil fertility.