Kingdom Plantae - Question Paper

Section A: Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) - 100 Questions (1 mark each)

1. Kingdom Plantae organisms are: a) Unicellular b) Multicellular c) Both d) None

2. Plant cells contain which type of nucleus? a) Prokaryotic b) Eukaryotic c) No nucleus d) Multiple nuclei

3. Plants produce their own food through: a) Respiration b) Photosynthesis c) Digestion d) Absorption

4. The green pigment in plants is called: a) Hemoglobin b) Melanin c) Chlorophyll d) Carotene

5. Plant cell walls are primarily made of: a) Chitin b) Cellulose c) Protein d) Lipids

6. Which reproduction method is primary in plants? a) Asexual b) Sexual c) Budding d) Fragmentation

7. Most plants are found in which habitat? a) Aquatic b) Terrestrial c) Aerial d) Underground

8. Spirogyra is an example of: a) Moss b) Fern c) Algae d) Flowering plant

9. Funaria is an example of: a) Algae b) Moss c) Fern d) Conifer

10. Dryopteris is an example of: a) Moss b) Fern c) Algae d) Flowering plant

11. Which group is the most diverse in Kingdom Plantae? a) Algae b) Mosses c) Ferns d) Flowering plants

12. Conifers are characterized by: a) Flowers b) Fruits c) Cones d) Spores

13. Pine is an example of: a) Flowering plant b) Conifer c) Fern d) Moss

14. Rose is classified as: a) Algae b) Moss c) Flowering plant d) Conifer

15. Chlamydomonas is a type of: a) Moss b) Fern c) Algae d) Conifer

16. Non-vascular plants include: a) Ferns b) Mosses c) Conifers d) Flowering plants

17. Vascular plants that reproduce by spores are: a) Mosses b) Ferns c) Algae d) Conifers

18. Seeds enclosed within fruits are found in: a) Conifers b) Ferns c) Flowering plants d) Mosses

19. Mango is an example of: a) Conifer b) Fern c) Moss d) Flowering plant

20. Wheat belongs to which plant group? a) Algae b) Moss c) Flowering plant d) Fern

21. Fir is an example of: a) Flowering plant b) Conifer c) Moss d) Algae

22. Which plants are primarily aquatic? a) Conifers b) Mosses c) Algae d) Flowering plants

23. Photosynthesis occurs in which organelle? a) Mitochondria b) Nucleus c) Chloroplast d) Ribosome

24. The mode of nutrition in plants is: a) Heterotrophic b) Autotrophic c) Parasitic d) Saprophytic

25. Cell wall provides plants with: a) Flexibility b) Rigidity c) Transparency d) Permeability

26. Which kingdom characteristic involves membrane-bound organelles? a) Multicellular b) Eukaryotic c) Autotrophic d) Cell wall

27. Plants convert light energy into: a) Heat energy b) Mechanical energy c) Chemical energy d) Sound energy

28. The primary function of chlorophyll is: a) Protection b) Support c) Photosynthesis d) Reproduction

29. Which type of reproduction produces genetic diversity? a) Asexual b) Sexual c) Vegetative d) Fragmentation

30. Simple aquatic plants are called: a) Bryophytes b) Pteridophytes c) Algae d) Angiosperms

31. The study of plants is called: a) Zoology b) Botany c) Ecology d) Taxonomy

32. Plants are classified based on: a) Size only b) Color only c) Multiple characteristics d) Habitat only

33. Cone-bearing plants are known as: a) Angiosperms b) Gymnosperms c) Bryophytes d) Pteridophytes

34. Which plants lack true roots, stems, and leaves? a) Ferns b) Mosses c) Conifers d) Flowering plants

35. Spores are reproductive structures in: a) Flowering plants b) Conifers c) Ferns d) All plants

36. The most advanced group of plants is: a) Algae b) Mosses c) Ferns d) Flowering plants

37. Which plants have naked seeds? a) Angiosperms b) Gymnosperms c) Bryophytes d) Pteridophytes

38. Photosynthesis requires: a) Only water b) Only CO2 c) Sunlight, water, and CO2 d) Only sunlight

39. The byproduct of photosynthesis is: a) Carbon dioxide b) Water c) Oxygen d) Glucose

40. Cellulose is a type of: a) Protein b) Lipid c) Carbohydrate d) Nucleic acid

41. Which organelle contains chlorophyll? a) Nucleus b) Mitochondria c) Chloroplast d) Vacuole

42. Plants obtain water primarily through: a) Leaves b) Stems c) Roots d) Flowers

43. The transportation of water in plants occurs through: a) Phloem b) Xylem c) Cambium d) Epidermis

44. Food is transported in plants through: a) Xylem b) Phloem c) Roots d) Leaves

45. Stomata are found on: a) Roots b) Stems c) Leaves d) Flowers

46. Gas exchange in plants occurs through: a) Roots b) Stomata c) Bark d) Flowers

47. The process of water loss from plants is called: a) Respiration b) Transpiration c) Photosynthesis d) Absorption

48. Which part of the plant conducts photosynthesis? a) Roots b) Stems c) Leaves d) Flowers

49. The green color of plants is due to: a) Carotene b) Xanthophyll c) Chlorophyll d) Anthocyanin

50. Plants store food in the form of: a) Glucose b) Starch c) Cellulose d) Protein

51. The primary site of photosynthesis is: a) Root b) Stem c) Leaf d) Flower

52. Which plants reproduce through seeds? a) Algae b) Mosses c) Seed plants d) All plants

53. Asexual reproduction in plants includes: a) Pollination b) Fragmentation c) Fertilization d) Seed formation

54. The male reproductive part of a flower is: a) Pistil b) Stamen c) Petal d) Sepal

55. The female reproductive part of a flower is: a) Stamen b) Pistil c) Petal d) Sepal

56. Pollen is produced by: a) Ovary b) Anther c) Stigma d) Style

57. Seeds develop from: a) Pollen b) Ovules c) Petals d) Sepals

58. Fruits develop from: a) Leaves b) Stems c) Ovary d) Roots

59. Which plants show alternation of generations? a) Only algae b) Only mosses c) Most plants d) Only ferns

60. The haploid generation in plants is called: a) Sporophyte b) Gametophyte c) Zygote d) Embryo

61. The diploid generation in plants is called: a) Gametophyte b) Sporophyte c) Gamete d) Spore

62. Bryophytes are also known as: a) Vascular plants b) Non-vascular plants c) Seed plants d) Flowering plants

63. Pteridophytes are characterized by: a) Flowers b) Seeds c) Spores and vascular tissue d) Simple structure

64. Gymnosperms have: a) Covered seeds b) Naked seeds c) No seeds d) Spores only

65. Angiosperms are characterized by: a) Naked seeds b) Covered seeds c) No seeds d) Cones

66. Double fertilization occurs in: a) Gymnosperms b) Angiosperms c) Pteridophytes d) Bryophytes

67. Endosperm is found in: a) All plants b) Angiosperms only c) Gymnosperms only d) Pteridophytes only

68. Which plants have the largest leaves? a) Mosses b) Algae c) Some flowering plants d) Conifers

69. Root systems help plants in: a) Photosynthesis b) Reproduction c) Anchorage and absorption d) Gas exchange

70. Stem modifications include: a) Thorns b) Tendrils c) Bulbs d) All of the above

71. Leaf modifications serve for: a) Protection only b) Storage only c) Various functions d) Reproduction only

72. Annual plants complete their life cycle in: a) One month b) One year c) Two years d) Many years

73. Perennial plants live for: a) One year b) Two years c) Many years d) One season

74. Deciduous plants: a) Never shed leaves b) Shed leaves seasonally c) Have no leaves d) Are always green

75. Evergreen plants: a) Shed all leaves at once b) Retain leaves year-round c) Have no leaves d) Change color seasonally

76. Succulent plants are adapted to: a) Wet conditions b) Dry conditions c) Cold conditions d) Dark conditions

77. Epiphytes are plants that: a) Live underground b) Live on other plants c) Live in water d) Live in soil

78. Parasitic plants obtain nutrients from: a) Soil only b) Air only c) Host plants d) Water only

79. Carnivorous plants obtain nutrients from: a) Soil only b) Insects c) Other plants d) Air only

80. Aquatic plants have adaptations for: a) Water scarcity b) Living in water c) High altitude d) Desert conditions

81. Desert plants are characterized by: a) Large leaves b) Water conservation features c) Thin stems d) Shallow roots

82. Mountain plants are adapted to: a) High temperature b) Low light c) Cold and wind d) High humidity

83. Tropical plants are found in: a) Cold regions b) Hot, humid regions c) Desert regions d) Mountain regions

84. Temperate plants are adapted to: a) Extreme cold b) Extreme heat c) Moderate climate d) Desert conditions

85. Plant hormones control: a) Growth only b) Development only c) Growth and development d) Reproduction only

86. Phototropism is: a) Response to water b) Response to light c) Response to gravity d) Response to touch

87. Geotropism is: a) Response to light b) Response to gravity c) Response to water d) Response to chemicals

88. Hydrotropism is: a) Response to light b) Response to gravity c) Response to water d) Response to touch

89. Plant movements are generally: a) Very fast b) Slow c) Not visible d) Only at night

90. The economic importance of plants includes: a) Food only b) Medicine only c) Multiple uses d) Decoration only

91. Oxygen production by plants is important for: a) Plant growth b) Animal respiration c) Soil formation d) Weather patterns

92. Plants help in: a) Soil erosion b) Soil conservation c) Water pollution d) Air pollution

93. Forests are important for: a) Climate regulation b) Biodiversity c) Economic resources d) All of the above

94. Plant breeding aims to: a) Reduce plant variety b) Improve plant characteristics c) Eliminate plants d) Study plant diseases

95. Genetic engineering in plants involves: a) Natural selection b) Artificial gene modification c) Traditional breeding d) Plant nutrition

96. Plant tissue culture is used for: a) Plant destruction b) Mass propagation c) Plant diseases d) Soil testing

97. Conservation of plants is important for: a) Human survival b) Ecosystem balance c) Future generations d) All of the above

98. Extinct plants: a) Can be easily revived b) No longer exist c) Are very common d) Are only in museums

99. Endangered plants: a) Are very common b) Face extinction risk c) Are extinct d) Are not important

100. Biodiversity in plants refers to: a) One type of plant b) Variety of plant species c) Plant diseases d) Plant products

Section B: Short Answer Questions (1 mark each) - 100 Questions

1. Define Kingdom Plantae.
2. What makes plant cells eukaryotic?
3. Name the process by which plants make food.
4. What is the main component of plant cell walls?
5. Give one example of algae.
6. Name a moss species.
7. What type of plant is Dryopteris?
8. List one characteristic of flowering plants.
9. What are conifers?
10. Give an example of a conifer.
11. What is chlorophyll?
12. Where does photosynthesis occur in plants?
13. What is the primary mode of nutrition in plants?
14. Name one aquatic plant group.
15. What are non-vascular plants?
16. Give an example of a vascular plant.
17. What do ferns reproduce by?
18. Where are seeds found in flowering plants?
19. What type of seeds do gymnosperms have?
20. Name the green pigment in plants.
21. What gas do plants release during photosynthesis?
22. What do plants need for photosynthesis besides sunlight?
23. Name one function of plant roots.
24. What transports water in plants?
25. What transports food in plants?
26. Where are stomata located?
27. What is transpiration?
28. Name one type of asexual reproduction in plants.
29. What is the male part of a flower called?
30. What is the female part of a flower called?
31. Where is pollen produced?
32. What do seeds develop from?
33. What do fruits develop from?
34. What is a sporophyte?
35. What is a gametophyte?
36. Give another name for bryophytes.
37. What characterizes pteridophytes?
38. What type of fertilization occurs in angiosperms?
39. Where is endosperm found?
40. What is an annual plant?
41. What is a perennial plant?
42. What are deciduous plants?
43. What are evergreen plants?
44. What are succulent plants adapted for?
45. What are epiphytes?
46. How do parasitic plants get nutrients?
47. What do carnivorous plants eat?
48. Name one desert plant adaptation.
49. What is phototropism?
50. What is geotropism?
51. What is hydrotropism?
52. Name one plant hormone function.
53. Give one economic use of plants.
54. What gas do plants produce that animals need?
55. How do plants help soil?
56. What is plant breeding?
57. What is genetic engineering in plants?
58. What is plant tissue culture?
59. Why is plant conservation important?
60. What are endangered plants?
61. Name one characteristic that makes plants multicellular.
62. What type of reproduction is most common in plants?
63. Give an example of a flowering plant.
64. What makes conifers different from flowering plants?
65. Name one simple aquatic plant.
66. What do mosses lack that other plants have?
67. How do ferns differ from mosses?
68. What makes flowering plants the most diverse?
69. Give an example of a gymnosperm besides pine.
70. What habitat do most plants prefer?
71. Name one organelle found in plant cells.
72. What is the primary function of leaves?
73. How do plants obtain water?
74. What opens and closes to control gas exchange?
75. Name one way plants reproduce asexually.
76. What part of the flower produces seeds?
77. What protects seeds in angiosperms?
78. What generation produces gametes?
79. What generation produces spores?
80. Give an example of a non-vascular plant.
81. Name a characteristic of vascular plants.
82. What type of seeds do angiosperms have?
83. What happens during double fertilization?
84. What provides nutrition to developing seeds?
85. How long do annual plants live?
86. Give an example of a perennial plant.
87. When do deciduous plants shed leaves?
88. What advantage do evergreen plants have?
89. Where do epiphytes typically grow?
90. Name one carnivorous plant.
91. What do succulent plants store?
92. How do plants respond to light?
93. What force do plants respond to in geotropism?
94. Name one economic product from plants.
95. How do plants contribute to the atmosphere?
96. What do forests provide besides timber?
97. What is the goal of plant conservation?
98. What threatens plant biodiversity?
99. Name one method of plant propagation.
100. What is the study of plants called?

Section C: Short Answer Questions (2 marks each) - 50 Questions

1. Explain the multicellular nature of plants and its advantages.
2. Describe the eukaryotic cell structure in plants.
3. Explain how plants are autotrophic and what this means.
4. Describe the composition and function of plant cell walls.
5. Compare sexual and asexual reproduction in plants.
6. Explain why most plants are terrestrial with examples.
7. Describe the characteristics that distinguish algae from other plant groups.
8. Explain the features of mosses that make them non-vascular plants.
9. Describe how ferns reproduce and their vascular nature.
10. Explain what makes flowering plants the most diverse group.
11. Describe the characteristics of conifers and their reproduction.
12. Explain the process of photosynthesis and its importance.
13. Describe the role of chlorophyll in plants.
14. Explain the structure and function of chloroplasts.
15. Compare the transport systems in plants (xylem and phloem).
16. Describe the process of transpiration and its significance.
17. Explain the structure and function of stomata.
18. Describe the different parts of a flower and their functions.
19. Explain the process of pollination in flowering plants.
20. Describe seed formation and development.
21. Explain fruit formation and its biological significance.
22. Compare the sporophyte and gametophyte generations.
23. Describe the life cycle of a typical flowering plant.
24. Explain the characteristics of bryophytes with examples.
25. Describe the features of pteridophytes and their evolution.
26. Compare gymnosperms and angiosperms.
27. Explain double fertilization in flowering plants.
28. Describe the formation and function of endosperm.
29. Compare annual, biennial, and perennial plants.
30. Explain plant adaptations to different environments.
31. Describe the modifications of roots and their functions.
32. Explain stem modifications and their purposes.
33. Describe leaf modifications and their adaptive significance.
34. Explain plant responses to environmental stimuli (tropisms).
35. Describe the role of plant hormones in growth and development.
36. Explain the economic importance of different plant groups.
37. Describe the ecological role of plants in ecosystems.
38. Explain the importance of forests for environmental balance.
39. Describe modern techniques in plant breeding.
40. Explain genetic engineering applications in plants.
41. Describe plant tissue culture and its applications.
42. Explain the importance of plant conservation.
43. Describe threats to plant biodiversity.
44. Explain the concept of plant succession.
45. Describe symbiotic relationships involving plants.
46. Explain carnivorous plants and their adaptations.
47. Describe epiphytic plants and their lifestyle.
48. Explain parasitic plants and their survival strategies.
49. Describe aquatic plant adaptations.
50. Explain desert plant adaptations for water conservation.

Section D: Long Answer Questions (3 marks each) - 25 Questions

1. Discuss the five major characteristics of Kingdom Plantae with detailed explanations and examples for each characteristic.

2. Explain the classification of plants into major groups (algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms) with their distinguishing features and examples.

3. Describe the process of photosynthesis in detail, including the light and dark reactions, and explain its significance for life on Earth.

4. Explain the structure and function of plant cell organelles, particularly focusing on chloroplasts, cell wall, and vacuoles, and how they differ from animal cells.

5. Discuss the transport systems in plants, explaining how water and nutrients move from roots to leaves and how food moves from leaves to other parts.

6. Describe the reproductive strategies in plants, comparing sexual and asexual reproduction with detailed examples from different plant groups.

7. Explain the life cycle of flowering plants, including pollination, fertilization, seed development, germination, and growth to maturity.

8. Discuss plant adaptations to different environments, providing detailed examples of xerophytic, hydrophytic, and mesophytic adaptations.

9. Explain the economic importance of plants, discussing their roles in providing food, medicine, timber, fibers, and other products with specific examples.

10. Describe the ecological importance of plants, including their role in oxygen production, carbon dioxide absorption, soil conservation, and habitat provision.

11. Discuss the evolution of plants from simple algae to complex flowering plants, highlighting major evolutionary milestones and adaptations.

12. Explain plant responses to environmental stimuli (tropisms and nastisms), describing the mechanisms and adaptive significance of these responses.

13. Describe the role of plant hormones in controlling growth, development, and responses to environmental changes, with examples of major plant hormones.

14. Discuss modern plant biotechnology, including tissue culture, genetic engineering, and plant breeding techniques, with their applications and benefits.

15. Explain the importance of plant conservation, discussing threats to plant biodiversity and conservation strategies being employed worldwide.

16. Describe the structure and function of different plant tissues (meristematic, permanent, and complex tissues) and their roles in plant growth and development.

17. Explain the water cycle and the crucial role plants play in it through transpiration, absorption, and water retention in ecosystems.

18. Discuss the symbiotic relationships involving plants, including mycorrhizae, nitrogen fixation, and lichens, explaining their ecological significance.

19. Describe the process of plant succession, explaining primary and secondary succession with examples and their importance in ecosystem development.

20. Explain the adaptations of plants to extreme environments such as deserts, arctic regions, and high altitudes, with specific examples and mechanisms.

21. Discuss the role of plants in climate regulation, including carbon sequestration, temperature moderation, and their impact on local and global climate patterns.

22. Describe the medicinal properties of plants, explaining how secondary metabolites are used in traditional and modern medicine with specific examples.

23. Explain the concept of alternation of generations in plants, comparing it across different plant groups and discussing its evolutionary significance.

24. Discuss the impact of human activities on plant communities and ecosystems, including deforestation, urbanization, and climate change effects.

25. Describe the future prospects of plant science, including emerging technologies, sustainable agriculture, and the role of plants in addressing global challenges.

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Kingdom Plantae – Full Answer Script

Section A: Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) (1 mark each)

1. b) Multicellular
2. b) Eukaryotic
3. b) Photosynthesis
4. c) Chlorophyll
5. b) Cellulose
6. b) Sexual
7. b) Terrestrial
8. c) Algae
9. b) Moss
10. b) Fern
11. d) Flowering plants
12. c) Cones
13. b) Conifer
14. c) Flowering plant
15. c) Algae
16. b) Mosses
17. b) Ferns
18. c) Flowering plants
19. d) Flowering plant
20. c) Flowering plant
21. b) Conifer
22. c) Algae
23. c) Chloroplast
24. b) Autotrophic
25. b) Rigidity
26. b) Eukaryotic
27. c) Chemical energy
28. c) Photosynthesis
29. b) Sexual
30. c) Algae
31. b) Botany
32. c) Multiple characteristics
33. b) Gymnosperms
34. b) Mosses
35. c) Ferns
36. d) Flowering plants
37. b) Gymnosperms
38. c) Sunlight, water, and CO₂
39. c) Oxygen
40. c) Carbohydrate
41. c) Chloroplast
42. c) Roots
43. b) Xylem
44. b) Phloem
45. c) Leaves
46. b) Stomata
47. b) Transpiration
48. c) Leaves
49. c) Chlorophyll
50. b) Starch
51. c) Leaf
52. c) Seed plants
53. b) Fragmentation
54. b) Stamen
55. b) Pistil
56. b) Anther
57. b) Ovules
58. c) Ovary
59. c) Most plants
60. b) Gametophyte
61. b) Sporophyte
62. b) Non-vascular plants
63. c) Spores and vascular tissue
64. b) Naked seeds
65. b) Covered seeds
66. b) Angiosperms
67. b) Angiosperms only
68. c) Some flowering plants
69. c) Anchorage and absorption
70. d) All of the above
71. c) Various functions
72. b) One year
73. c) Many years
74. b) Shed leaves seasonally
75. b) Retain leaves year-round
76. b) Dry conditions
77. b) Live on other plants
78. c) Host plants
79. b) Insects
80. b) Living in water
81. b) Water conservation features
82. c) Cold and wind
83. b) Hot, humid regions
84. c) Moderate climate
85. c) Growth and development
86. b) Response to light
87. b) Response to gravity
88. c) Response to water
89. b) Slow
90. c) Multiple uses
91. b) Animal respiration
92. b) Soil conservation
93. d) All of the above
94. b) Improve plant characteristics
95. b) Artificial gene modification
96. b) Mass propagation
97. d) All of the above
98. b) No longer exist
99. b) Face extinction risk
100. b) Variety of plant species

Section B: Short Answer Questions (1 mark each)

1. Multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic organisms.
2. Presence of a true, membrane-bound nucleus.
3. Photosynthesis.
4. Cellulose.
5. Spirogyra.
6. Funaria.
7. Fern.
8. Presence of flowers.
9. Cone-bearing, non-flowering plants.
10. Pine.
11. Green pigment for photosynthesis.
12. Chloroplasts in leaves.
13. Autotrophic.
14. Algae.
15. Plants lacking xylem and phloem.
16. Fern.
17. Spores.
18. Inside fruits (ovary).
19. Naked seeds.
20. Chlorophyll.
21. Oxygen.
22. Water and carbon dioxide.
23. Anchoring, absorbing water/minerals.
24. Xylem.
25. Phloem.
26. On leaves (mainly).
27. Loss of water vapor by plants.
28. Fragmentation.
29. Stamen.
30. Pistil.
31. Anther.
32. Ovules.
33. Ovary.
34. Diploid, spore-producing generation.
35. Haploid, gamete-producing generation.
36. Non-vascular plants.
37. Spores and vascular tissues.
38. Double fertilization.
39. Angiosperm seeds.
40. Completes life cycle in one year.
41. Lives for several years.
42. Plants that shed leaves seasonally.
43. Plants that retain leaves year-round.
44. Storing water in dry conditions.
45. Plants that grow on other plants.
46. By absorbing nutrients from host plants.
47. Insects.
48. Thick cuticle or water storage.
49. Growth towards light.
50. Growth towards gravity.
51. Growth towards water.
52. Controls growth/development.
53. Food, timber, medicine.
54. Oxygen.
55. Preventing soil erosion.
56. Improving plant traits by crossing varieties.
57. Modifying plant genes for traits.
58. Growing plants from tissue in labs.
59. Ecological and human survival.
60. Plants facing extinction risk.
61. Division of labor among cells/tissues.
62. Sexual.
63. Rose.
64. Have cones, not flowers/fruits.
65. Chlamydomonas.
66. True roots, stems, leaves.
67. Vascular tissue and reproduce by spores.
68. Possess flowers/fruits; highly varied.
69. Fir.
70. Terrestrial habitats.
71. Chloroplast.
72. Photosynthesis.
73. Through roots.
74. Stomata.
75. Vegetative propagation.
76. Ovary.
77. Fruit wall (pericarp).
78. Gametophyte.
79. Sporophyte.
80. Moss.
81. Has xylem and phloem.
82. Covered seeds.
83. Two male gametes fuse with egg and central cell.
84. Endosperm.
85. One year.
86. Mango tree.
87. During autumn.
88. Green and photosynthetic all year.
89. On tree branches/trunks.
90. Nepenthes (pitcher plant).
91. Water.
92. By bending towards it (phototropism).
93. Gravity.
94. Paper.
95. Produce oxygen by photosynthesis.
96. Oxygen, shelter, climate regulation.
97. Preserve biodiversity/ecosystem.
98. Habitat loss, pollution, overuse.
99. Cutting, grafting, tissue culture.
100. Botany.

Section C: Short Answer Questions (2 marks each)

1. Many cells are specialized for different functions, helping plants survive and adapt.
2. Plant cells have a nucleus, organelles, and a cell wall, making them eukaryotic.
3. Plants produce food themselves using sunlight, CO₂, and water (autotrophic).
4. Plant cell walls are made of cellulose, providing strength and support.
5. Sexual reproduction creates variation via gametes; asexual is quick, identical offspring.
6. Most plants are terrestrial for stability, sunlight, and richer soil; examples: trees, grass.
7. Algae are simple, mostly aquatic, non-vascular, can be unicellular or multicellular.
8. Mosses lack true roots, stems, leaves; live in moist areas and are non-vascular.
9. Ferns reproduce by spores and have true xylem and phloem.
10. Flowering plants (angiosperms) have flowers, fruits, and are very diverse.
11. Conifers have cones, needle-like leaves, and naked seeds.
12. Photosynthesis produces glucose and O₂, vital for survival of life.
13. Chlorophyll captures sunlight for photosynthesis, gives green color.
14. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll; site of photosynthesis in plant cells.
15. Xylem transports water/minerals; phloem moves food.
16. Transpiration is water loss via stomata, aiding nutrient flow and cooling.
17. Stomata are openings for gas exchange and water regulation.
18. Flowers have sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils—each for reproduction.
19. Pollination moves pollen to stigma by wind, insects, or animals.
20. Fertilized ovules form seeds, containing embryo and nutrients.
21. Ovaries develop into fruits, protecting and helping disperse seeds.
22. Sporophyte is diploid, makes spores; gametophyte is haploid, makes gametes.
23. Seed germinates → seedling → adult → flowers → pollination/fertilization → seeds/fruits form.
24. Bryophytes are small, moist-loving, non-vascular; e.g., mosses.
25. Pteridophytes have vascular tissue, reproduce by spores; e.g., ferns.
26. Gymnosperms have cones/naked seeds; angiosperms have flowers/covered seeds.
27. In double fertilization, one sperm fuses with egg, another with central cell for endosperm.
28. Endosperm nourishes embryo in angiosperm seeds.
29. Annuals: 1 year, biennials: 2 years, perennials: many years life cycle.
30. Desert plants store water, aquatic have floating leaves, shade plants have broad leaves.
31. Roots can store food (carrot), support (prop roots), or breathe (pneumatophores).
32. Stems may be thorns (protection), tubers (storage), or tendrils (climbing).
33. Leaves can be spines (defense), traps (nutrition), or scales (storage).
34. Plants grow towards/away from light (phototropism), gravity (geotropism), water (hydrotropism).
35. Auxins/gibberellins control growth; cytokinins aid cell division.
36. Plants supply food, oxygen, medicine, fibers, timber.
37. Base of food chain, produce O₂, regulate climate, provide habitats.
38. Forests balance carbon dioxide, produce O₂, protect soil, preserve biodiversity.
39. Plant breeding combines varieties for yield, quality, or disease resistance.
40. Genetic engineering introduces desired genes for improvement.
41. Tissue culture rapidly multiplies plants from small tissue pieces in sterile conditions.
42. Conservation preserves plant diversity for ecosystem and future needs.
43. Threats: habitat loss, overexploitation, pollution, invasive species, climate change.
44. Plant succession is gradual replacement of plant communities—primary or secondary.
45. Symbiosis: mycorrhizae (fungi+roots), nitrogen fixation (bacteria+plants), lichens (algae+fungi).
46. Carnivorous plants catch insects for nutrients; found in nutrient-poor habitats.
47. Epiphytes live on other plants, not parasitic; gain support and sunlight.
48. Parasitic plants (e.g. Cuscuta) extract water/nutrients from host plants.
49. Aquatic plants have floating leaves, air spaces, and flexible stems.
50. Desert plants have thick cuticles, store water, and reduce leaf area.

Section D: Long Answer Questions (3 marks each)

1. Major characteristics: multicellular, eukaryotic cells, cellulose walls, chlorophyll/photosynthetic, mainly terrestrial; e.g., moss, fern, mango.
2. Algae—simple/aquatic; Bryophytes—non-vascular/moist; Pteridophytes—vascular/spores; Gymnosperms—cones/naked seeds; Angiosperms—flowers/fruits.
3. Photosynthesis: light reaction in grana produces ATP/O₂, dark reaction in stroma fixes CO₂ to glucose; critical for life.
4. Chloroplasts (photosynthesis, chlorophyll), cell wall (rigid, cellulose), vacuoles (storage/turgor); unlike animal cells, which lack these structures.
5. Xylem: water/minerals from roots to leaves; phloem: food from leaves to rest of plant; via transpiration and translocation.
6. Sexual reproduction (flowers/seeds, variation); asexual (runners, bulbs, clones); mosses/fungi—spores; angiosperms—seeds.
7. Life cycle: pollination → fertilization → seed/fruit → dispersal → germination → adult → reproduction; alternates generations.
8. Xerophytes: water storage, thick cuticle; hydrophytes: airy leaves; mesophytes: moderate adaptations.
9. Plants as food (wheat, rice), medicine (quinine, neem), timber (teak), fibers (cotton), oils (sunflower).
10. Plants create oxygen, reduce CO₂, conserve soil, shelter animals, regulate microclimate.
11. Algae → moss → fern → gymnosperm → angiosperm; evolution of tissues, seeds, flowers.
12. Phototropism—growth toward light, geotropism—respond to gravity, nastic—non-directional movements; aids adaptation.
13. Auxins promote growth, cytokinins divide cells, gibberellins elongate stems, ethylene ripens fruits; regulate plant development.
14. Tissue culture (mass propagation), genetic engineering (GM crops), breeding (hybrids); yield, disease resistance, quality.
15. Conservation involves protecting habitats, seed banks, legal measures; biodiversity loss affects ecology and humans.
16. Meristematic—dividing cells; permanent—support, storage; complex—xylem/phloem; all vital for plant growth/functions.
17. Plants absorb, transport, and release water (transpiration), control rainfall, and stabilize water cycle in ecosystems.
18. Mycorrhiza—fungus+root; rhizobia—fix nitrogen in legumes; lichens—alga+fungus; such interactions benefit both partners/ecosystems.
19. Succession: primary on new land (lava), secondary after disturbance; leads to stable plant communities.
20. Adaptations: desert—store water/spines (cactus), arctic—small/leathery leaves, high altitude—antifreeze proteins.
21. Plants absorb CO₂ (carbon sink), release O₂, regulate micro/macroclimate, mitigate climate change.
22. Many plants have medicinal uses—aloe (skin), digitalis (heart), neem (antibacterial); due to secondary metabolites.
23. Plants alternate generations—sporophyte (diploid) and gametophyte (haploid); varies across groups, allows adaptation.
24. Deforestation reduces biodiversity, urbanization destroys habitats, climate change stresses plant ecosystems.
25. Plant science: gene editing (CRISPR), sustainable farming, biofuels, phytoremediation; key for future food and environment.