The Cell - Question Paper

Subject: Biology
Topic: The Cell - Plant and Animal Cell Organelles
Total Questions: 250
Duration: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 400

SECTION A: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs)

Instructions: Choose the correct answer from the given options. Each question carries 1 mark. Total Questions: 100 Total Marks: 100

The basic structural and functional unit of all known organisms is: a) Tissue b) Cell c) Organ d) Organ system
Which of the following is the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently? a) Atom b) Molecule c) Cell d) Tissue
Plant cells are classified as: a) Prokaryotic cells b) Eukaryotic cells c) Viral cells d) Bacterial cells
The cell wall of plant cells is primarily made of: a) Protein b) Lipid c) Cellulose d) Starch
Which organelle is absent in animal cells? a) Nucleus b) Mitochondria c) Chloroplast d) Ribosome
The cell membrane is composed of: a) Single protein layer b) Double protein layer c) Lipid bilayer d) Cellulose layer
Chloroplasts are found in: a) Animal cells only b) Plant cells only c) Both plant and animal cells d) Bacterial cells only
The process of photosynthesis occurs in: a) Mitochondria b) Nucleus c) Chloroplasts d) Vacuoles
The large central vacuole in plant cells can occupy up to what percentage of cell volume? a) 50% b) 70% c) 80% d) 90%
The membrane surrounding the vacuole is called: a) Cell membrane b) Nuclear envelope c) Tonoplast d) Plastid membrane
Which structure provides rigidity to plant cells? a) Cell membrane b) Cell wall c) Cytoplasm d) Nucleus
The control center of the cell is: a) Mitochondria b) Nucleus c) Ribosome d) Vacuole
DNA in eukaryotic cells is organized into: a) Plasmids b) Chromosomes c) Ribosomes d) Plastids
The nuclear envelope is composed of: a) Single membrane b) Double membrane c) Triple membrane d) No membrane
Chromoplasts are responsible for: a) Photosynthesis b) Storage c) Pigment synthesis d) Protein synthesis
Leucoplasts are primarily involved in: a) Photosynthesis b) Storage of starch, oils, proteins c) Cell division d) Waste removal
The jelly-like substance filling the cell is called: a) Nucleoplasm b) Cytoplasm c) Protoplasm d) Chloroplasm
The fluid portion of cytoplasm is known as: a) Cytosol b) Organelles c) Inclusions d) Vacuoles
Turgor pressure in plant cells is maintained by: a) Cell wall b) Cell membrane c) Vacuole d) Nucleus
Which of the following prevents excessive water uptake in plant cells? a) Cell membrane b) Cell wall c) Vacuole d) Cytoplasm
Animal cells typically have: a) One large vacuole b) No vacuoles c) Several small vacuoles d) Two large vacuoles
The cell membrane is described as: a) Fully permeable b) Impermeable c) Selectively permeable d) Semi-solid
Which organelle contains chlorophyll? a) Mitochondria b) Nucleus c) Chloroplast d) Ribosome
The outermost layer of an animal cell is: a) Cell wall b) Cell membrane c) Nuclear envelope d) Cytoplasm
Plant cell nucleus is often: a) Central b) Pushed to periphery c) Absent d) Multiple
The site of many metabolic reactions in the cell is: a) Nucleus b) Cell wall c) Cytoplasm d) Cell membrane
Which structure is rigid and made of cellulose? a) Cell membrane b) Nuclear envelope c) Cell wall d) Tonoplast
Plastids are: a) Present in both plant and animal cells b) Present only in plant cells c) Present only in animal cells d) Absent in eukaryotic cells
The genetic material of the cell is stored in: a) Cytoplasm b) Vacuole c) Nucleus d) Cell membrane
Which membrane controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell? a) Nuclear envelope b) Cell membrane c) Tonoplast d) Cell wall
The shape of plant cells is maintained by: a) Cytoplasm b) Nucleus c) Cell wall d) Vacuole
Animal cells lack which of the following structures? a) Nucleus b) Cell membrane c) Cell wall d) Cytoplasm
The location of cell membrane in plant cells is: a) Outside cell wall b) Inside cell wall c) Same as cell wall d) Absent
Which organelle is involved in temporary storage in animal cells? a) Large vacuole b) Small vacuoles c) Nucleus d) Cell wall
The primary function of chloroplasts is: a) Storage b) Protection c) Photosynthesis d) Reproduction
Light energy is converted into chemical energy in: a) Mitochondria b) Nucleus c) Chloroplasts d) Ribosomes
The cell wall is located: a) Inside the cell membrane b) Outside the cell membrane c) Same as cell membrane d) Within the nucleus
Which structure provides structural support to plant cells? a) Cytoplasm b) Cell wall c) Nucleus d) Small vacuoles
The nuclear envelope encloses: a) Cytoplasm b) Cell membrane c) Genetic material d) Vacuole
Embedded proteins in cell membrane help in: a) Structure only b) Function only c) Both structure and function d) Neither structure nor function
The cell theory states that cell is the basic unit of: a) Matter b) Life c) Energy d) Time
Eukaryotic cells are characterized by: a) Absence of nucleus b) Presence of nucleus c) Multiple nuclei d) No genetic material
The tonoplast surrounds: a) Nucleus b) Chloroplast c) Vacuole d) Cell membrane
Which organelle can occupy most of the plant cell volume? a) Nucleus b) Chloroplast c) Central vacuole d) Cell wall
Animal cells are bounded by: a) Cell wall only b) Cell membrane only c) Both cell wall and membrane d) Nuclear envelope
The semi-permeable nature of cell membrane means: a) Nothing can pass through b) Everything can pass through c) Selective passage of substances d) Only water can pass through
Plastids include all except: a) Chloroplasts b) Chromoplasts c) Leucoplasts d) Ribosomes
The function of leucoplasts is: a) Photosynthesis b) Pigmentation c) Storage d) Protein synthesis
Cell communication is facilitated by: a) Cell wall b) Cell membrane c) Nucleus d) Vacuole
The movement of organelles within the cell occurs in: a) Cell wall b) Nucleus c) Cytoplasm d) Vacuole
Which statement about plant cell wall is incorrect? a) It is rigid b) It is made of cellulose c) It is present inside cell membrane d) It provides protection
The control of cellular activities is managed by: a) Cell membrane b) Cytoplasm c) Nucleus d) Vacuole
Chromosomes are found in: a) Cytoplasm b) Nucleus c) Cell membrane d) Vacuole
The double membrane around nucleus is called: a) Cell membrane b) Nuclear envelope c) Tonoplast d) Plastid membrane
Which is true about animal cell vacuoles? a) One large central vacuole b) Multiple small vacuoles c) No vacuoles d) Two large vacuoles
The primary difference between plant and animal cells is: a) Presence of nucleus b) Presence of cell membrane c) Presence of cell wall d) Presence of cytoplasm
Metabolic reactions primarily occur in: a) Nucleus b) Cell wall c) Cytoplasm d) Cell membrane
The boundary between cell and environment in animal cells is: a) Cell wall b) Cell membrane c) Nuclear envelope d) Cytoplasm
Which organelle is membrane-bound and contains chlorophyll? a) Ribosome b) Mitochondria c) Chloroplast d) Nucleus
The passage of substances across cell membrane is: a) Uncontrolled b) Controlled c) Blocked d) Random
Plant cells differ from animal cells primarily due to presence of: a) Nucleus b) Cell membrane c) Chloroplasts d) Cytoplasm
The large central vacuole provides: a) Nutrients only b) Support only c) Storage only d) Both support and storage
Which structure is absent in animal cells but present in plant cells? a) Nucleus b) Cell membrane c) Plastids d) Cytoplasm
The genetic material in nucleus is organized as: a) RNA b) Proteins c) Chromosomes d) Enzymes
Cell membrane proteins are involved in: a) Structure b) Transport c) Recognition d) All of the above
The cytosol is: a) Solid portion of cytoplasm b) Fluid portion of cytoplasm c) Same as nucleus d) Same as vacuole
Which organelle maintains turgor pressure? a) Nucleus b) Cell wall c) Vacuole d) Cell membrane
The cell wall prevents: a) Cell division b) Excessive water uptake c) Photosynthesis d) Respiration
Animal cells have cell membrane as their: a) Inner boundary b) Outer boundary c) Middle layer d) Core structure
The site of photosynthesis is: a) Entire plant cell b) Cell wall c) Chloroplasts d) Vacuole
Which is not a function of cell wall? a) Structural support b) Protection c) Shape maintenance d) Photosynthesis
The nucleus controls: a) Growth only b) Metabolism only c) Reproduction only d) All cellular activities
Plastids are classified based on: a) Size b) Shape c) Function and pigments d) Location
The membrane around genetic material is: a) Single-layered b) Double-layered c) Triple-layered d) No membrane
Small vacuoles in animal cells are involved in: a) Permanent storage b) Temporary storage c) Photosynthesis d) Genetic control
The flexible outer boundary of animal cells is: a) Cell wall b) Cell membrane c) Nuclear envelope d) Cytoplasm
Which provides mechanical support to plants? a) Cell membrane b) Nucleus c) Cell wall d) Small vacuoles
The location of cell membrane in animal cells is: a) Inside nucleus b) Outside cell wall c) Outermost layer d) Within cytoplasm
Chlorophyll is contained in: a) All plastids b) Chloroplasts only c) Chromoplasts only d) Leucoplasts only
The semi-permeable cell membrane allows: a) Free passage of all substances b) No passage of any substance c) Selective passage d) Passage of water only
Which organelle is pushed to periphery in plant cells? a) Vacuole b) Chloroplast c) Nucleus d) Cell membrane
The jelly-like matrix of the cell is: a) Nucleoplasm b) Cytoplasm c) Cell sap d) Protoplasm
Tonoplast is the membrane of: a) Nucleus b) Chloroplast c) Vacuole d) Cell
Which statement about plastids is correct? a) Present in all cells b) Present only in plant cells c) Present only in animal cells d) Absent in eukaryotes
The primary component of cell wall is: a) Protein b) Lipid c) Cellulose d) Nucleic acid
Cell membrane is described as: a) Thick and rigid b) Thin and flexible c) Thick and flexible d) Thin and rigid
The central vacuole occupies maximum space in: a) Animal cells b) Plant cells c) Bacterial cells d) Fungal cells
Which is true about eukaryotic cells? a) No nucleus b) Nucleus present c) Multiple nuclei d) Nucleus absent
The control center function is performed by: a) Cell membrane b) Cytoplasm c) Nucleus d) Vacuole
Metabolic reactions occur in: a) Nucleus only b) Cell membrane only c) Cytoplasm only d) Throughout the cell
Which organelle stores water and nutrients? a) Nucleus b) Cell membrane c) Vacuole d) Cell wall
The lipid bilayer structure is found in: a) Cell wall b) Cell membrane c) Nucleus d) Vacuole
Photosynthesis converts: a) Chemical to light energy b) Light to chemical energy c) Heat to chemical energy d) Mechanical to light energy
The boundary that controls cellular transport is: a) Cell wall b) Nuclear envelope c) Cell membrane d) Tonoplast
Which provides shape to plant cells? a) Cytoplasm b) Cell membrane c) Cell wall d) Nucleus
The absence of cell wall in animal cells makes them: a) Rigid b) Flexible c) Stronger d) Larger
Genetic material is protected by: a) Cell membrane b) Cell wall c) Nuclear envelope d) Cytoplasm
The medium for organelle movement is: a) Cell wall b) Nucleus c) Cytoplasm d) Vacuole
Which organelle is involved in pigment storage? a) Chloroplasts b) Chromoplasts c) Leucoplasts d) All plastids
The basic difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is: a) Size b) Shape c) Presence of nucleus d) Number of organelles

SECTION B: SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (1 MARK EACH)

Instructions: Answer the following questions briefly in one or two sentences. Total Questions: 100 Total Marks: 100

Define a cell.
What is the smallest unit of life?
Name the primary component of plant cell wall.
What type of cells are plant cells?
List one difference between plant and animal cells.
What is the function of chloroplasts?
Name the membrane surrounding the vacuole.
What is cytoplasm?
Where is the genetic material located in eukaryotic cells?
What is the function of cell membrane?
Name three types of plastids.
What is the nuclear envelope?
Define turgor pressure.
What is cytosol?
How much of the cell volume can the central vacuole occupy?
What prevents excessive water uptake in plant cells?
Name the control center of the cell.
What is the composition of cell membrane?
Where does photosynthesis occur?
What is the function of leucoplasts?
What type of vacuoles do animal cells have?
What is selectively permeable?
Name the pigment present in chloroplasts.
What is the location of cell membrane in plant cells?
What provides structural support to plant cells?
What is chromoplast function?
Name the outer boundary of animal cells.
What is the shape of nucleus?
Where are chromosomes located?
What is the primary function of nucleus?
What makes cell membrane flexible?
Name the rigid structure in plant cells.
What is the function of embedded proteins in cell membrane?
Where do metabolic reactions occur?
What is the double membrane around nucleus called?
What organelle maintains cell shape in plants?
What is absent in animal cells that is present in plant cells?
Name the jelly-like substance in cells.
What is the function of cell wall?
What organelle converts light energy to chemical energy?
What is the nature of cell membrane?
Where is nucleus usually located in animal cells?
What prevents plant cells from bursting?
Name the storage organelles in plant cells.
What is the primary difference in vacuoles between plant and animal cells?
What is the function of tonoplast?
What provides rigidity to plant cells?
Name the basic unit of all organisms.
What is the composition of nuclear envelope?
Where does cell communication occur?
What is the function of large central vacuole?
Name the site of photosynthesis.
What organelle is pushed to periphery in plant cells?
What is the fluid portion of cytoplasm called?
What makes animal cells flexible?
Name the membrane-bound organelles containing pigments.
What controls the passage of substances in cells?
Where are plastids found?
What is the function of cell membrane proteins?
What organelle stores starch in plants?
Name the structure that encloses genetic material.
What is the outermost layer of plant cells?
Where do organelles move within the cell?
What is the primary storage organelle in plant cells?
Name the boundary between cell and environment.
What organelle controls all cellular activities?
What is the function of chlorophyll?
Where is DNA organized into chromosomes?
What provides mechanical support to plants?
Name the temporary storage structures in animal cells.
What is the composition of cytoplasm?
Where does light energy conversion occur?
What membrane controls cellular transport?
Name the colorless plastids.
What organelle maintains turgor pressure?
Where are metabolic processes carried out?
What structure provides protection to plant cells?
Name the semi-permeable membrane.
What organelle is absent in animal cells?
Where is the control center of cell located?
What provides shape maintenance in plant cells?
Name the pigmented plastids.
What is the function of nuclear envelope?
Where does cellular respiration primarily occur?
What organelle stores water in plant cells?
Name the flexible boundary of animal cells.
What prevents water loss in plant cells?
Where are proteins embedded in cell membrane?
What organelle facilitates photosynthesis?
Name the storage function plastids.
What controls growth and reproduction?
Where does substance transport occur?
What organelle provides structural support?
Name the membrane around nucleus.
What makes plant cells rigid?
Where do chemical reactions occur in cells?
What organelle stores nutrients?
Name the basic structural unit of life.
What provides selective permeability?
Where is genetic information stored?

SECTION C: SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 MARKS EACH)

Instructions: Answer the following questions in 2-3 sentences with proper explanation. Total Questions: 25 Total Marks: 50

Explain the structure and function of cell wall in plant cells.
Describe the composition and role of cell membrane.
What are plastids? Name their types and functions.
Explain the structure and function of nucleus.
Describe the vacuole system in plant and animal cells.
What is cytoplasm and what are its components?
Explain how plant cells differ from animal cells in terms of structural organization.
Describe the role of chloroplasts in plant cells.
What is the significance of semi-permeable nature of cell membrane?
Explain the concept of turgor pressure and its importance.
Describe the nuclear envelope and its function.
What are the different types of plastids and their specific roles?
Explain why animal cells are more flexible than plant cells.
Describe the storage function of vacuoles in plant cells.
What is the role of embedded proteins in cell membrane?
Explain the organization of genetic material in nucleus.
Describe how cell wall provides protection to plant cells.
What is cytosol and how does it facilitate cellular processes?
Explain the photosynthetic function of chloroplasts.
Describe the differences in nuclear position between plant and animal cells.
What is tonoplast and what is its significance?
Explain the metabolic functions of cytoplasm.
Describe the structural differences between plant and animal cell boundaries.
What is the importance of selective permeability in cellular function?
Explain how the large central vacuole supports plant structure.

SECTION D: LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 MARKS EACH)

Instructions: Answer the following questions in 4-5 sentences with detailed explanation and examples where applicable. Total Questions: 25 Total Marks: 75

Compare and contrast the structure and function of plant and animal cells, highlighting at least three major differences.
Describe the detailed structure of a plant cell, explaining the function of each major organelle.
Explain the role of cell membrane in maintaining cellular homeostasis and facilitating cellular processes.
Discuss the importance of plastids in plant cells, describing the structure and function of different types.
Analyze the significance of the nucleus as the control center of the cell, explaining its structure and functions.
Explain how the vacuole system differs between plant and animal cells and discuss the functional implications.
Describe the composition and organization of cytoplasm, explaining how it facilitates cellular metabolism.
Discuss the evolutionary significance of cell wall in plants and explain its multiple functions.
Explain the process of photosynthesis and the role of chloroplasts in energy conversion.
Analyze the importance of selective permeability of cell membrane in cellular transport processes.
Describe the structural organization of nucleus and explain how it controls cellular activities.
Discuss the role of turgor pressure in plant cell function and overall plant structure maintenance.
Explain why plant cells are generally larger and more rigid compared to animal cells.
Describe the different types of plastids and explain their evolutionary relationship.
Analyze the functional significance of having a large central vacuole in plant cells.
Explain the concept of cellular organization and how organelles work together in plant cells.
Discuss the importance of cell wall in plant defense mechanisms and structural support.
Describe the molecular composition of cell membrane and explain its fluid mosaic model.
Explain how the absence of cell wall affects animal cell structure and function.
Discuss the role of cytoplasm in cellular transport and organelle organization.
Analyze the functional relationship between nucleus and cytoplasm in cellular control.
Explain the significance of membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic cells.
Describe how plant cells achieve structural support through cell wall and turgor pressure.
Discuss the evolutionary advantages of having plastids in plant cells.
Explain the integrated functioning of all organelles in maintaining plant cell viability.

ANSWER KEY GUIDELINES

The Cell - Answer Script

SECTION A: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs)

b) Cell
c) Cell
b) Eukaryotic cells
c) Cellulose
c) Chloroplast
c) Lipid bilayer
b) Plant cells only
c) Chloroplasts
d) 90%
c) Tonoplast
b) Cell wall
b) Nucleus
b) Chromosomes
b) Double membrane
c) Pigment synthesis
b) Storage of starch, oils, proteins
b) Cytoplasm
a) Cytosol
c) Vacuole
b) Cell wall
c) Several small vacuoles
c) Selectively permeable
c) Chloroplast
b) Cell membrane
b) Pushed to periphery
c) Cytoplasm
c) Cell wall
b) Present only in plant cells
c) Nucleus
b) Cell membrane
c) Cell wall
c) Cell wall
b) Inside cell wall
b) Small vacuoles
c) Photosynthesis
c) Chloroplasts
b) Outside the cell membrane
b) Cell wall
c) Genetic material
c) Both structure and function
b) Life
b) Presence of nucleus
c) Vacuole
c) Central vacuole
b) Cell membrane only
c) Selective passage of substances
d) Ribosomes
c) Storage
b) Cell membrane
c) Cytoplasm
c) It is present inside cell membrane
c) Nucleus
b) Nucleus
b) Nuclear envelope
b) Multiple small vacuoles
c) Presence of cell wall
c) Cytoplasm
b) Cell membrane
c) Chloroplast
b) Controlled
c) Chloroplasts
d) Both support and storage
c) Plastids
c) Chromosomes
d) All of the above
b) Fluid portion of cytoplasm
c) Vacuole
b) Excessive water uptake
b) Outer boundary
c) Chloroplasts
d) Photosynthesis
d) All cellular activities
c) Function and pigments
b) Double-layered
b) Temporary storage
b) Cell membrane
c) Cell wall
c) Outermost layer
b) Chloroplasts only
c) Selective passage
c) Nucleus
b) Cytoplasm
c) Vacuole
b) Present only in plant cells
c) Cellulose
b) Thin and flexible
b) Plant cells
b) Nucleus present
c) Nucleus
d) Throughout the cell
c) Vacuole
b) Cell membrane
b) Light to chemical energy
c) Cell membrane
c) Cell wall
b) Flexible
c) Nuclear envelope
c) Cytoplasm
b) Chromoplasts
c) Presence of nucleus

SECTION B: SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (1 MARK EACH)

A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all known organisms.
The cell is the smallest unit of life.
The primary component of the plant cell wall is cellulose.
Plant cells are eukaryotic cells.
Plant cells have a cell wall, while animal cells do not.
Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis.
The membrane surrounding the vacuole is the tonoplast.
Cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance that fills the cell.
The genetic material is located in the nucleus in eukaryotic cells.
The cell membrane controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
Three types of plastids are chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and leucoplasts.
The nuclear envelope is the double membrane that encloses the nucleus.
Turgor pressure is the pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall.
Cytosol is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm.
The central vacuole can occupy up to 90% of the cell volume.
The cell wall prevents excessive water uptake in plant cells.
The nucleus is the control center of the cell.
The cell membrane is composed of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts.
Leucoplasts are involved in the storage of food.
Animal cells have small, temporary vacuoles.
Selectively permeable means that the membrane allows some substances to pass through but not others.
Chlorophyll is the pigment present in chloroplasts.
The cell membrane is located just inside the cell wall in plant cells.
The cell wall provides structural support to plant cells.
Chromoplasts are responsible for pigment synthesis.
The outer boundary of animal cells is the cell membrane.
The nucleus is typically spherical or oval.
Chromosomes are located in the nucleus.
The primary function of the nucleus is to control all cellular activities.
The lipid bilayer makes the cell membrane flexible.
The cell wall is the rigid structure in plant cells.
Embedded proteins in the cell membrane help in transport and cell communication.
Metabolic reactions occur in the cytoplasm.
The double membrane around the nucleus is called the nuclear envelope.
The cell wall maintains the cell shape in plants.
The cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole are absent in animal cells.
Cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance in cells.
The function of the cell wall is to provide structural support and protection.
Chloroplasts convert light energy to chemical energy.
The cell membrane is selectively permeable.
The nucleus is usually located centrally in animal cells.
The cell wall prevents plant cells from bursting.
Plastids and vacuoles are storage organelles in plant cells.
Plant cells have one large central vacuole, while animal cells have several small vacuoles.
The function of the tonoplast is to surround the vacuole.
The cell wall provides rigidity to plant cells.
The cell is the basic unit of all organisms.
The nuclear envelope is a double membrane.
Cell communication occurs at the cell membrane.
The large central vacuole stores water, nutrients, and waste products, and maintains turgor pressure.
The site of photosynthesis is the chloroplasts.
The nucleus is often pushed to the periphery in plant cells.
The fluid portion of the cytoplasm is called the cytosol.
The absence of a cell wall makes animal cells flexible.
Plastids are membrane-bound organelles containing pigments.
The cell membrane controls the passage of substances in cells.
Plastids are found in plant cells.
Cell membrane proteins are involved in transport and cell communication.
Leucoplasts store starch in plants.
The nucleus encloses the genetic material.
The outermost layer of plant cells is the cell wall.
Organelles move within the cytoplasm.
The large central vacuole is the primary storage organelle in plant cells.
The cell membrane is the boundary between the cell and its environment.
The nucleus controls all cellular activities.
The function of chlorophyll is to absorb light energy for photosynthesis.
DNA is organized into chromosomes in the nucleus.
The cell wall provides mechanical support to plants.
Small vacuoles are temporary storage structures in animal cells.
Cytoplasm is composed of cytosol and organelles.
Light energy conversion occurs in the chloroplasts.
The cell membrane controls cellular transport.
Leucoplasts are colorless plastids.
The vacuole maintains turgor pressure.
Metabolic processes are carried out in the cytoplasm.
The cell wall provides protection to plant cells.
The cell membrane is a semi-permeable membrane.
Chloroplasts, a cell wall, and a large central vacuole are absent in animal cells.
The control center of the cell is the nucleus.
The cell wall provides shape maintenance in plant cells.
Chromoplasts are pigmented plastids.
The function of the nuclear envelope is to protect the genetic material.
Cellular respiration primarily occurs in the mitochondria (not detailed in the provided text).
The vacuole stores water in plant cells.
The cell membrane is the flexible boundary of animal cells.
The cell wall prevents water loss in plant cells.
Proteins are embedded in the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane.
Chloroplasts facilitate photosynthesis.
Leucoplasts are the storage function plastids.
The nucleus controls growth and reproduction.
Substance transport occurs across the cell membrane.
The cell wall provides structural support.
The nuclear envelope is the membrane around the nucleus.
The cell wall makes plant cells rigid.
Chemical reactions occur in the cytoplasm.
The vacuole stores nutrients.
The cell is the basic structural unit of life.
The cell membrane provides selective permeability.
Genetic information is stored in the nucleus.

SECTION C: SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 MARKS EACH)

The cell wall is a rigid outer layer of a plant cell, made of cellulose. It provides structural support, protection, and maintains the cell's shape.
The cell membrane is a thin, semi-permeable membrane composed of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins. It controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
Plastids are membrane-bound organelles in plant cells. Their types are chloroplasts (photosynthesis), chromoplasts (pigment synthesis), and leucoplasts (storage).
The nucleus is a large, spherical organelle containing the cell's genetic material. It is enclosed by a double membrane and controls all cellular activities.
Plant cells have a large central vacuole for storage and support, while animal cells have small, temporary vacuoles for temporary storage.
Cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance filling the cell, consisting of the cytosol (fluid) and organelles. It is the site of many metabolic reactions.
Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole, which are absent in animal cells. These give plant cells a fixed shape.
Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis in plant cells, where light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of glucose.
The semi-permeable nature of the cell membrane allows it to regulate the passage of substances, maintaining the cell's internal environment.
Turgor pressure is the pressure exerted by the cell's contents against the cell wall. It is important for maintaining the rigidity of plant cells.
The nuclear envelope is a double membrane surrounding the nucleus. It protects the genetic material and regulates the passage of molecules.
The different types of plastids are chloroplasts (photosynthesis), chromoplasts (pigment synthesis), and leucoplasts (storage of starch, oils, and proteins).
Animal cells are more flexible than plant cells because they lack a rigid cell wall.
The large central vacuole in plant cells stores water, nutrients, and waste products.
Embedded proteins in the cell membrane function in transport of substances across the membrane and in cell communication.
The genetic material in the nucleus is organized into chromosomes, which are made of DNA.
The cell wall provides protection to plant cells by acting as a rigid barrier against mechanical stress and pathogens.
Cytosol is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm. It provides a medium for the movement of organelles and for metabolic reactions to occur.
Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy to drive the process of photosynthesis, converting it to chemical energy.
In plant cells, the nucleus is often pushed to the periphery by the large central vacuole, while in animal cells, it is usually located in the center.
The tonoplast is the membrane surrounding the vacuole. It regulates the movement of substances into and out of the vacuole.
The cytoplasm is the site of many metabolic reactions, including glycolysis and other cellular processes.
The boundary of a plant cell is a rigid cell wall, while the boundary of an animal cell is a flexible cell membrane.
Selective permeability is important for cellular function because it allows the cell to control its internal environment by regulating what enters and leaves.
The large central vacuole supports plant structure by maintaining turgor pressure against the cell wall, which helps to keep the cell rigid.

SECTION D: LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 MARKS EACH)

Plant and animal cells both have a nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane. However, plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole, which are absent in animal cells. These differences result in plant cells having a fixed shape and the ability to perform photosynthesis, while animal cells are more flexible and obtain energy from external sources.
A plant cell has a rigid cell wall made of cellulose, a cell membrane, a nucleus containing genetic material, cytoplasm where metabolic reactions occur, chloroplasts for photosynthesis, and a large central vacuole for storage and support. The nucleus controls all cellular activities, and the cell membrane regulates the passage of substances.
The cell membrane maintains cellular homeostasis by controlling the movement of substances into and out of the cell through its selective permeability. It also facilitates cellular processes by providing a site for cell communication and transport of molecules via embedded proteins.
Plastids are important organelles in plant cells. Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis, converting light energy to chemical energy. Chromoplasts synthesize and store pigments, giving color to flowers and fruits. Leucoplasts are involved in the storage of starch, oils, and proteins.
The nucleus is the control center of the cell, containing the genetic material (DNA) organized into chromosomes. It is enclosed by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope. The nucleus controls all cellular activities, including growth, metabolism, and reproduction, by regulating gene expression.
Plant cells have a large, permanent central vacuole that stores water, nutrients, and waste products, and maintains turgor pressure. Animal cells have small, temporary vacuoles that are involved in temporary storage and transport. The large vacuole in plant cells is crucial for structural support.
Cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance that fills the cell and is composed of cytosol (the fluid portion) and organelles. It is the site of many metabolic reactions, such as glycolysis. The cytoplasm provides a medium for the movement of organelles and substances within the cell, facilitating cellular metabolism.
The cell wall in plants is a key evolutionary adaptation that provides structural support, allowing plants to grow upright. It also protects the cell from mechanical stress and pathogens. The rigidity of the cell wall prevents the cell from bursting due to excessive water uptake.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plant cells convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose. This process occurs in the chloroplasts, which contain chlorophyll to absorb light. The chemical energy stored in glucose is then used to fuel the plant's metabolic activities.
The selective permeability of the cell membrane is crucial for cellular transport processes. It allows the cell to take in necessary nutrients and expel waste products while preventing harmful substances from entering. This regulation is essential for maintaining the cell's internal environment and overall function.
The nucleus is a large, double-membraned organelle that contains the cell's genetic material in the form of chromosomes. It controls cellular activities by regulating which genes are expressed and when, thereby directing the synthesis of proteins and controlling all aspects of cell function.
Turgor pressure is the pressure exerted by the fluid in a plant cell that pushes the cell membrane against the cell wall. This pressure is essential for maintaining the rigidity of plant cells and providing structural support to the plant as a whole, allowing it to stand upright.
Plant cells are generally larger and more rigid than animal cells due to the presence of a rigid cell wall and a large central vacuole. The cell wall provides a fixed shape and structural support, while the large vacuole maintains turgor pressure, contributing to the cell's rigidity.
The different types of plastids are chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and leucoplasts. They are all thought to have evolved from a common proplastid. Chloroplasts are specialized for photosynthesis, chromoplasts for pigment synthesis, and leucoplasts for storage, showing a clear division of labor.
The large central vacuole in plant cells has several functional significances. It serves as a storage reservoir for water, nutrients, and waste products. It also plays a crucial role in maintaining turgor pressure, which is essential for the structural support and rigidity of the plant cell.
In plant cells, organelles work together in a coordinated manner. The nucleus controls all activities, chloroplasts produce energy through photosynthesis, the vacuole provides storage and support, and the cell membrane regulates transport. This cellular organization ensures the efficient functioning of the cell.
The cell wall in plants provides defense against pathogens by acting as a physical barrier. It also offers structural support, allowing plants to grow tall and withstand environmental stresses such as wind and gravity. This support is crucial for the overall architecture of the plant.
The cell membrane is described by the fluid mosaic model, which states that it is a fluid structure with a "mosaic" of various proteins embedded in a lipid bilayer. This structure allows the membrane to be flexible and dynamic, with proteins able to move laterally, which is important for its function.
The absence of a cell wall in animal cells makes them more flexible, allowing for a greater variety of cell shapes and movements. However, it also means that they lack the structural support and protection that a cell wall provides, making them more susceptible to bursting if they take in too much water.
The cytoplasm plays a crucial role in cellular transport by providing a medium for the movement of molecules and organelles. It also helps in organizing the organelles within the cell, ensuring that they are in the correct position to carry out their functions efficiently.
The nucleus and cytoplasm have a close functional relationship. The nucleus contains the genetic information and controls the synthesis of proteins, which then carry out their functions in the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm, in turn, is where many of the metabolic reactions that support the nucleus and the rest of the cell occur.
Membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic cells, such as the nucleus, chloroplasts, and vacuoles, allow for the compartmentalization of cellular functions. This separation of tasks increases the efficiency of cellular processes by creating specialized environments for different reactions to occur.
Plant cells achieve structural support through a combination of the rigid cell wall and turgor pressure. The cell wall provides a strong outer framework, while the turgor pressure exerted by the large central vacuole pushes against the cell wall, creating a rigid and supportive structure.
The presence of plastids in plant cells provides a significant evolutionary advantage. Chloroplasts allow plants to produce their own food through photosynthesis, making them autotrophs. Other plastids, such as chromoplasts and leucoplasts, provide additional functions like attracting pollinators and storing food reserves.
The organelles in a plant cell function in an integrated manner to maintain viability. The nucleus directs all activities, chloroplasts provide energy, the vacuole maintains turgor and storage, the cell wall provides support and protection, and the cell membrane controls transport. This coordination ensures the survival and proper functioning of the cell.

The Cell

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