Circulatory System - Question Paper

Subject: Biology
Topic: Circulatory System
Total Questions: 250
Maximum Marks: 300

Section A: Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) - 100 Questions (1 mark each)

The circulatory system is also known as: a) Respiratory system b) Cardiovascular system c) Nervous system d) Digestive system
Which organ pumps blood throughout the body? a) Lungs b) Liver c) Heart d) Kidney
Blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart are called: a) Veins b) Arteries c) Capillaries d) Lymphatics
The smallest blood vessels in the body are: a) Arteries b) Veins c) Capillaries d) Aorta
Which component of blood is responsible for carrying oxygen? a) Plasma b) White blood cells c) Red blood cells d) Platelets
The yellowish liquid component of blood is called: a) Plasma b) Serum c) Hemoglobin d) Lymph
White blood cells are also known as: a) Erythrocytes b) Leukocytes c) Thrombocytes d) Plasma cells
Which blood cells are responsible for blood clotting? a) Red blood cells b) White blood cells c) Platelets d) Plasma cells
How many main ABO blood groups are there? a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5
The protein in red blood cells that binds to oxygen is: a) Albumin b) Globulin c) Hemoglobin d) Fibrinogen
Deoxygenated blood is rich in: a) Oxygen b) Carbon dioxide c) Nitrogen d) Hydrogen
Blood pressure is measured as: a) Systolic over diastolic b) Diastolic over systolic c) Heart rate over pulse d) Pulse over heart rate
Normal adult heart rate is: a) 40-60 beats per minute b) 60-100 beats per minute c) 100-120 beats per minute d) 120-140 beats per minute
The pulse can be felt in: a) Arteries only b) Veins only c) Capillaries only d) All blood vessels
Which blood group is known as the universal donor? a) A b) B c) AB d) O
Exchange of gases occurs in: a) Arteries b) Veins c) Capillaries d) Heart
The main function of the circulatory system is: a) Digestion b) Transportation c) Respiration d) Excretion
Red blood cells are also called: a) Leukocytes b) Thrombocytes c) Erythrocytes d) Monocytes
Which component fights infections in the body? a) Red blood cells b) White blood cells c) Platelets d) Plasma
The heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the: a) Brain b) Liver c) Lungs d) Kidneys
Blood vessels that return blood to the heart are: a) Arteries b) Veins c) Capillaries d) Lymphatics
The force exerted by blood against artery walls is: a) Heart rate b) Pulse rate c) Blood pressure d) Circulation rate
Systolic pressure occurs when: a) Heart rests b) Heart beats c) Blood clots d) Breathing stops
Diastolic pressure occurs when: a) Heart beats b) Heart rests between beats c) Blood flows d) Lungs expand
Which food habit helps keep the heart healthy? a) High saturated fat diet b) High sodium diet c) Balanced diet with fruits and vegetables d) High sugar diet
Regular exercise helps the heart by: a) Weakening heart muscles b) Strengthening heart muscles c) Stopping blood flow d) Reducing oxygen supply
Platelets are also known as: a) Erythrocytes b) Leukocytes c) Thrombocytes d) Lymphocytes
The shape of platelets is: a) Round b) Oval c) Irregular d) Square
Which blood group can receive blood from all groups? a) A b) B c) AB d) O
Hemoglobin transports oxygen from: a) Heart to lungs b) Lungs to body tissues c) Liver to kidneys d) Brain to muscles
Carbon dioxide is transported from: a) Lungs to tissues b) Tissues to lungs c) Heart to brain d) Liver to heart
The circulatory system works with which system for gas exchange? a) Digestive system b) Nervous system c) Respiratory system d) Excretory system
Nutrients are carried in blood by: a) Red blood cells b) White blood cells c) Platelets d) Plasma
Hormones are transported through: a) Nervous system b) Circulatory system c) Digestive system d) Respiratory system
The throbbing sensation in arteries is called: a) Heartbeat b) Pulse c) Blood pressure d) Circulation
Waste products are removed from cells by: a) Arteries b) Veins c) Capillaries d) Heart
The heart is made of: a) Smooth muscle b) Cardiac muscle c) Skeletal muscle d) Connective tissue
Blood clotting prevents: a) Infection b) Bleeding c) Breathing d) Digestion
The immune system includes: a) Red blood cells b) White blood cells c) Platelets d) Plasma
Oxygenated blood appears: a) Dark red b) Bright red c) Blue d) Purple
Deoxygenated blood appears: a) Bright red b) Dark red c) Blue d) Green
The largest artery in the body is: a) Pulmonary artery b) Coronary artery c) Aorta d) Carotid artery
The largest vein in the body is: a) Pulmonary vein b) Vena cava c) Jugular vein d) Portal vein
Blood circulation is: a) One-way process b) Continuous process c) Intermittent process d) Seasonal process
High blood pressure is also called: a) Hypotension b) Hypertension c) Bradycardia d) Tachycardia
Low blood pressure is called: a) Hypertension b) Hypotension c) Bradycardia d) Tachycardia
The heart has how many chambers? a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5
Arteries have: a) Thin walls b) Thick walls c) No walls d) Transparent walls
Veins have: a) Thick walls b) Thin walls c) No walls d) Muscular walls
Capillaries are: a) One cell thick b) Two cells thick c) Three cells thick d) Four cells thick
Blood type is determined by: a) Hemoglobin b) Plasma c) Antigens on red blood cells d) White blood cells
The Rh factor is: a) A blood protein b) A blood antigen c) A blood vessel d) A blood disorder
Which exercise is best for heart health? a) Weightlifting only b) Aerobic exercise c) Stretching only d) No exercise
Trans fats should be: a) Increased in diet b) Limited in diet c) Doubled in diet d) Tripled in diet
Cholesterol levels should be: a) Very high b) Controlled c) Ignored d) Maximized
Sodium intake should be: a) Unlimited b) Limited c) Doubled d) Tripled
Added sugars should be: a) Increased b) Limited c) Doubled d) Ignored
Lean proteins are: a) Bad for heart b) Good for heart c) Neutral for heart d) Harmful for heart
Whole grains are: a) Bad for circulation b) Good for circulation c) Neutral for circulation d) Harmful for circulation
Regular check-ups help: a) Waste time b) Monitor heart health c) Increase problems d) Create issues
The pulse rate equals: a) Half the heart rate b) Double the heart rate c) The heart rate d) Triple the heart rate
Blood makes up what percentage of body weight? a) 5% b) 7% c) 10% d) 15%
Red blood cells live for approximately: a) 30 days b) 60 days c) 90 days d) 120 days
White blood cells are produced in: a) Liver b) Kidneys c) Bone marrow d) Heart
Platelets are produced in: a) Liver b) Bone marrow c) Kidneys d) Lungs
The average adult has how much blood? a) 3-4 liters b) 5-6 liters c) 7-8 liters d) 9-10 liters
Blood pH is normally: a) Acidic b) Neutral c) Slightly alkaline d) Highly alkaline
The heart beats how many times per day? a) 50,000 b) 75,000 c) 100,000 d) 125,000
Blood pressure is highest in: a) Veins b) Capillaries c) Arteries d) Heart
Blood pressure is lowest in: a) Arteries b) Capillaries c) Veins d) Heart
Which valve prevents backflow in veins? a) Semilunar valve b) Bicuspid valve c) Tricuspid valve d) One-way valve
The heart's natural pacemaker is: a) AV node b) SA node c) Bundle of His d) Purkinje fibers
An ECG measures: a) Blood pressure b) Heart rate c) Electrical activity of heart d) Blood flow
Atherosclerosis affects: a) Veins b) Arteries c) Capillaries d) Heart valves
A heart attack occurs when: a) Heart stops beating b) Blood flow to heart muscle is blocked c) Heart beats too fast d) Heart beats too slow
CPR stands for: a) Cardiac Pressure Relief b) Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation c) Circulatory Pressure Regulation d) Cardiac Pulse Recovery
Defibrillation is used to: a) Stop the heart b) Restart the heart c) Slow the heart d) Speed up the heart
Anemia is caused by: a) Too many red blood cells b) Too few red blood cells c) Too many white blood cells d) Too few platelets
Hemophilia affects: a) Red blood cells b) White blood cells c) Blood clotting d) Heart rate
Leukemia affects: a) Red blood cells b) White blood cells c) Platelets d) Plasma
Blood donation can be done every: a) 2 weeks b) 4 weeks c) 8 weeks d) 12 weeks
The universal blood recipient is: a) Type A b) Type B c) Type AB d) Type O
Blood transfusions must match: a) Age only b) Gender only c) Blood type only d) Blood type and Rh factor
Plasma makes up what percentage of blood? a) 35% b) 45% c) 55% d) 65%
The heart is located in the: a) Abdomen b) Thorax c) Head d) Pelvis
The heart is protected by the: a) Skull b) Ribs c) Spine d) Pelvis
Heart disease is the leading cause of: a) Blindness b) Deafness c) Death d) Paralysis
Smoking affects the heart by: a) Improving circulation b) Damaging blood vessels c) Strengthening heart muscle d) Lowering blood pressure
Stress can: a) Lower blood pressure b) Raise blood pressure c) Improve heart function d) Strengthen arteries
Regular sleep helps the heart by: a) Increasing stress b) Allowing recovery c) Raising blood pressure d) Weakening muscles
Hydration affects circulation by: a) Thickening blood b) Thinning blood c) Stopping blood flow d) Reversing blood flow
Obesity increases risk of: a) Strong heart b) Heart disease c) Low blood pressure d) Slow heart rate
Diabetes affects: a) Only blood sugar b) Heart and blood vessels c) Only kidneys d) Only eyes
Age affects the heart by: a) Making it stronger b) Making it weaker c) Having no effect d) Improving function
Gender affects heart disease risk: a) Men and women have equal risk b) Men have higher risk before menopause c) Women have higher risk always d) Gender has no effect
Family history affects heart disease risk: a) Not at all b) Significantly c) Only slightly d) Only in children
Blood pressure medication: a) Should never be taken b) Should be taken as prescribed c) Can be stopped anytime d) Is always harmful
Aspirin can help prevent: a) All diseases b) Heart attacks c) Broken bones d) Hair loss
A healthy heart rate during exercise should: a) Stay the same b) Increase appropriately c) Decrease significantly d) Stop completely
Recovery heart rate should: a) Stay high forever b) Return to normal gradually c) Never change d) Become irregular

Section B: Short Answer Questions (1 mark each) - 100 Questions

Name the three main parts of the circulatory system.
What is another name for the circulatory system?
Define oxygenated blood.
Define deoxygenated blood.
Name the four components of blood.
What is the function of plasma?
What is the scientific name for red blood cells?
What is the scientific name for white blood cells?
What is the scientific name for platelets?
List the four main ABO blood groups.
What is hemoglobin?
Where does gas exchange occur in the circulatory system?
What is blood pressure?
Define systolic pressure.
Define diastolic pressure.
What is a normal adult heart rate range?
What is pulse?
Where can pulse be felt?
Name two ways to keep the heart healthy.
What type of muscle is the heart made of?
What do arteries carry?
What do veins carry?
What are capillaries?
What is the main function of red blood cells?
What is the main function of white blood cells?
What is the main function of platelets?
What determines blood type?
What is the universal donor blood type?
What is the universal recipient blood type?
What should be limited in diet for heart health?
What should be included in diet for heart health?
How does exercise help the heart?
What is atherosclerosis?
What is anemia?
What is hemophilia?
What is leukemia?
How often can someone donate blood?
What percentage of blood is plasma?
Where is the heart located?
What protects the heart?
Name one risk factor for heart disease.
What is CPR?
What does ECG stand for?
What is the heart's natural pacemaker?
What is a heart attack?
How does smoking affect the heart?
How does stress affect blood pressure?
What is hypertension?
What is hypotension?
How many chambers does the heart have?
What type of blood vessel has the thickest walls?
What type of blood vessel has the thinnest walls?
How thick are capillary walls?
What is the Rh factor?
What color is oxygenated blood?
What color is deoxygenated blood?
What is the largest artery?
What is the largest vein?
How much blood does an average adult have?
What is the normal pH of blood?
How many times does the heart beat per day?
Where is blood pressure highest?
Where is blood pressure lowest?
How long do red blood cells live?
Where are blood cells produced?
What prevents backflow in veins?
What does defibrillation do?
What percentage of body weight is blood?
What is blood transfusion compatibility based on?
How does age affect the heart?
How does obesity affect heart disease risk?
How does diabetes affect the cardiovascular system?
What role does family history play in heart disease?
How should blood pressure medication be taken?
What can aspirin help prevent?
What should happen to heart rate during exercise?
What should happen to heart rate after exercise?
How does hydration affect blood?
How does sleep help the heart?
What is the leading cause of death related to the circulatory system?
Name one type of exercise good for heart health.
What are trans fats and why should they be limited?
What are lean proteins?
What are whole grains?
Why are regular check-ups important?
What is cholesterol?
Why should sodium be limited?
What are added sugars?
How does gender affect heart disease risk?
What is cardiac muscle?
What carries nutrients in blood?
What carries hormones in blood?
What removes waste from cells?
How does the circulatory system work with the respiratory system?
What is the difference between heartbeat and pulse?
What is circulation?
What makes platelets different from other blood cells?
What is the immune system's role in blood?
Why is continuous blood flow important?
What happens during one complete circulation cycle?

Section C: Short Answer Questions (2 marks each) - 25 Questions

Explain the process of blood circulation in the body, mentioning oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
Describe the composition of blood and explain the function of each component.
Compare and contrast arteries, veins, and capillaries in terms of structure and function.
Explain the relationship between heartbeat and pulse. How are they measured?
Describe the ABO blood group system and explain why blood typing is important for transfusions.
Explain how exercise benefits the cardiovascular system and mention specific improvements.
Describe the role of hemoglobin in oxygen transport and explain why it's crucial for body function.
Explain blood pressure, including systolic and diastolic measurements, and their significance.
Describe the functions of white blood cells and explain their importance in maintaining health.
Explain the process of blood clotting and the role of platelets in wound healing.
Compare oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in terms of oxygen content, color, and location in circulation.
Describe dietary recommendations for maintaining heart health, including foods to include and avoid.
Explain the difference between the universal donor and universal recipient blood types.
Describe how the circulatory system works together with the respiratory system for gas exchange.
Explain the importance of regular heart rate and describe what happens when it becomes irregular.
Describe three major risk factors for heart disease and explain how each affects cardiovascular health.
Explain the structure and function of the heart as a muscular pump.
Describe the journey of a red blood cell from the heart to body tissues and back.
Explain how blood pressure is regulated in the body and what happens when it becomes too high or low.
Describe the life cycle of blood cells and where they are produced and destroyed.
Explain the importance of blood pH balance and how the body maintains it.
Describe how smoking affects the cardiovascular system and explain the mechanisms involved.
Explain the relationship between stress and heart health, including physiological effects.
Describe what happens during a heart attack and explain the importance of immediate treatment.
Explain how age affects the cardiovascular system and describe changes that occur over time.

Section D: Long Answer Questions (3 marks each) - 25 Questions

Describe the complete structure of the circulatory system, including all major components and their interconnections. Explain how this structure enables efficient transport throughout the body.
Trace the complete pathway of blood circulation, starting from the heart pumping oxygenated blood and ending with the return of deoxygenated blood. Include all major blood vessels and organs involved.
Provide a detailed analysis of blood composition, explaining the specific functions of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Discuss how each component contributes to overall health.
Explain the ABO and Rh blood group systems in detail. Discuss compatibility for blood transfusions, including universal donors and recipients, and explain the medical significance of blood typing.
Describe the mechanism of gas exchange in the circulatory system. Explain how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported, the role of hemoglobin, and the coordination with the respiratory system.
Analyze the factors that affect blood pressure, including physiological and lifestyle factors. Discuss the health implications of hypertension and hypotension, and explain management strategies.
Discuss the relationship between diet and cardiovascular health. Provide specific recommendations for heart-healthy foods and explain why certain foods should be limited or avoided.
Explain the importance of regular exercise for cardiovascular health. Discuss different types of exercise, their specific benefits, and how they improve heart function and circulation.
Describe the process of blood clotting in detail, from injury to wound healing. Explain the role of platelets, clotting factors, and what happens when this process is impaired.
Analyze the major cardiovascular diseases, including their causes, symptoms, and prevention strategies. Discuss the impact of lifestyle choices on disease development.
Explain the cardiac cycle in detail, including the electrical conduction system of the heart. Describe what happens during systole and diastole and how heart rate is regulated.
Discuss the adaptations of the cardiovascular system during exercise. Explain how heart rate, blood pressure, and blood flow change to meet increased oxygen demands.
Describe the development and consequences of atherosclerosis. Explain how this condition affects blood flow and discuss prevention and treatment approaches.
Analyze the role of the cardiovascular system in maintaining homeostasis. Discuss how it helps regulate body temperature, pH, and fluid balance.
Explain the differences between fetal and adult circulation. Describe the special structures in fetal circulation and what happens to them after birth.
Discuss the effects of aging on the cardiovascular system. Explain structural and functional changes that occur and strategies to maintain heart health with age.
Describe the mechanism of heart failure, including different types and their causes. Explain compensatory mechanisms and treatment approaches.
Analyze the relationship between the cardiovascular system and other body systems. Provide specific examples of how circulation supports nervous, digestive, and excretory functions.
Explain the process of angiogenesis and its importance in health and disease. Discuss factors that promote or inhibit blood vessel formation.
Describe emergency cardiovascular conditions and their immediate treatment. Include heart attack, cardiac arrest, and severe bleeding, explaining first aid measures.
Discuss the impact of modern lifestyle on cardiovascular health. Analyze factors like sedentary behavior, processed foods, stress, and technology use.
Explain the principles of cardiovascular fitness testing and monitoring. Describe different methods to assess heart health and interpret results.
Analyze the genetic and environmental factors that influence cardiovascular disease risk. Discuss how family history, ethnicity, and environmental exposures affect heart health.
Describe the cardiovascular benefits of different dietary patterns, such as Mediterranean, DASH, and plant-based diets. Explain the scientific evidence supporting these approaches.
Discuss innovations in cardiovascular medicine, including diagnostic techniques, treatments, and preventive strategies. Explain how these advances improve patient outcomes and quality of life.

Answer Key

Circulatory System Answer Script

Section A: Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

b) Cardiovascular system
c) Heart
b) Arteries
c) Capillaries
c) Red blood cells
a) Plasma
b) Leukocytes
c) Platelets
c) 4
c) Hemoglobin
b) Carbon dioxide
a) Systolic over diastolic
b) 60-100 beats per minute
a) Arteries only
d) O
c) Capillaries
b) Transportation
c) Erythrocytes
b) White blood cells
c) Lungs
b) Veins
c) Blood pressure
b) Heart beats
b) Heart rests between beats
c) Balanced diet with fruits and vegetables
b) Strengthening heart muscles
c) Thrombocytes
c) Irregular
c) AB
b) Lungs to body tissues
b) Tissues to lungs
c) Respiratory system
d) Plasma
b) Circulatory system
b) Pulse
c) Capillaries
b) Cardiac muscle
b) Bleeding
b) White blood cells
b) Bright red
b) Dark red
c) Aorta
b) Vena cava
b) Continuous process
b) Hypertension
b) Hypotension
c) 4
b) Thick walls
b) Thin walls
a) One cell thick
c) Antigens on red blood cells
b) A blood antigen
b) Aerobic exercise
b) Limited in diet
b) Controlled
b) Limited
b) Limited
b) Good for heart
b) Good for circulation
b) Monitor heart health
c) The heart rate
b) 7%
d) 120 days
c) Bone marrow
b) Bone marrow
b) 5-6 liters
c) Slightly alkaline
c) 100,000
c) Arteries
c) Veins
d) One-way valve
b) SA node
c) Electrical activity of heart
b) Arteries
b) Blood flow to heart muscle is blocked
b) Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
b) Restart the heart
b) Too few red blood cells
c) Blood clotting
b) White blood cells
c) 8 weeks
c) Type AB
d) Blood type and Rh factor
c) 55%
b) Thorax
b) Ribs
c) Death
b) Damaging blood vessels
b) Raise blood pressure
b) Allowing recovery
b) Thinning blood
b) Heart disease
b) Heart and blood vessels
b) Making it weaker
b) Men have higher risk before menopause
b) Significantly
b) Should be taken as prescribed
b) Heart attacks
b) Increase appropriately
b) Return to normal gradually

Section B: Short Answer Questions (1 mark each)

Three main parts: Heart, blood, and blood vessels.
Another name: Cardiovascular system.
Oxygenated blood: Blood rich in oxygen.
Deoxygenated blood: Blood rich in carbon dioxide.
Four components of blood: Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Plasma function: Carries nutrients, hormones, proteins, and waste products.
RBC scientific name: Erythrocytes.
WBC scientific name: Leukocytes.
Platelets scientific name: Thrombocytes.
Four main blood groups: A, B, AB, and O.
Hemoglobin: A protein in red blood cells that binds to and transports oxygen.
Gas exchange location: Capillaries.
Blood pressure: The force of blood pushing against the walls of arteries.
Systolic pressure: The pressure in arteries when the heart beats.
Diastolic pressure: The pressure in arteries when the heart rests between beats.
Normal adult heart rate: 60 to 100 beats per minute.
Pulse: The rhythmic throbbing of arteries as blood is pumped by the heart.
Pulse location: Arteries, such as in the wrist or neck.
Two ways to keep heart healthy: Regular exercise and a balanced diet.
Heart muscle type: Cardiac muscle.
Arteries carry: Oxygenated blood away from the heart (except for the pulmonary artery).
Veins carry: Deoxygenated blood towards the heart (except for the pulmonary veins).
Capillaries: Tiny blood vessels where the exchange of substances between blood and cells occurs.
RBC main function: Transport oxygen.
WBC main function: Fight infection.
Platelets main function: Help in blood clotting.
Blood type determination: Presence or absence of specific antigens on red blood cells.
Universal donor: Type O.
Universal recipient: Type AB.
Limited in diet for heart health: Saturated fats, trans fats, cholesterol, sodium, and added sugars.
Included in diet for heart health: Fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins.
Exercise and heart: Strengthens the heart muscle and improves circulation.
Atherosclerosis: Hardening and narrowing of the arteries due to plaque buildup.
Anemia: A condition characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin.
Hemophilia: A genetic disorder that impairs the body's ability to make blood clots.
Leukemia: Cancer of the body's blood-forming tissues, including the bone marrow and lymphatic system.
Blood donation frequency: Typically every 8 to 12 weeks.
Plasma percentage in blood: About 55%.
Heart location: In the chest (thorax), slightly to the left of the center.
Heart protection: The rib cage.
Heart disease risk factor: High blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, obesity.
CPR: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation.
ECG stands for: Electrocardiogram.
Heart's natural pacemaker: Sinoatrial (SA) node.
Heart attack: Damage to the heart muscle due to a blockage of blood supply.
Smoking and heart: Damages blood vessels and increases blood pressure.
Stress and blood pressure: Can raise blood pressure.
Hypertension: High blood pressure.
Hypotension: Low blood pressure.
Heart chambers: Four.
Thickest walled blood vessel: Arteries.
Thinnest walled blood vessel: Capillaries.
Capillary wall thickness: One cell thick.
Rh factor: An antigen on the surface of red blood cells.
Oxygenated blood color: Bright red.
Deoxygenated blood color: Dark red.
Largest artery: Aorta.
Largest vein: Vena cava.
Adult blood volume: About 5-6 liters.
Normal blood pH: Slightly alkaline (around 7.4).
Heart beats per day: About 100,000 times.
Highest blood pressure location: Arteries.
Lowest blood pressure location: Veins.
RBC lifespan: About 120 days.
Blood cell production location: Bone marrow.
Vein backflow prevention: One-way valves.
Defibrillation function: To restore a normal heartbeat by sending an electric shock to the heart.
Blood percentage of body weight: About 7%.
Blood transfusion compatibility basis: Blood type (ABO) and Rh factor.
Age and heart: The heart can become weaker and less flexible with age.
Obesity and heart disease: Increases the risk.
Diabetes and cardiovascular system: Can damage blood vessels and the heart.
Family history and heart disease: A significant risk factor.
Blood pressure medication: Should be taken as prescribed by a doctor.
Aspirin can prevent: Blood clots, which can lead to heart attacks.
Heart rate during exercise: Should increase.
Heart rate after exercise: Should gradually return to normal.
Hydration and blood: Proper hydration helps maintain blood volume and viscosity.
Sleep and heart: Allows the heart and body to rest and recover.
Leading cause of death (circulatory): Heart disease.
Good heart exercise: Aerobic exercises like running, swimming, or cycling.
Trans fats: Artificial fats that raise bad cholesterol and should be limited.
Lean proteins: Proteins low in saturated fat, like fish and poultry.
Whole grains: Grains that contain the entire grain kernel, rich in fiber.
Regular check-ups importance: To monitor cardiovascular health and detect problems early.
Cholesterol: A waxy substance found in blood, needed to build healthy cells.
Sodium limitation: To help control blood pressure.
Added sugars: Sugars and syrups added to foods or beverages when they are processed or prepared.
Gender and heart disease risk: Men generally have a higher risk at a younger age than women.
Cardiac muscle: The specialized muscle tissue that forms the heart.
Nutrient carrier in blood: Plasma.
Hormone carrier in blood: Plasma.
Waste remover from cells: Blood flowing through capillaries.
Circulatory and respiratory system interaction: The circulatory system transports the gases (O2 and CO2) that the respiratory system exchanges with the environment.
Heartbeat vs. Pulse: The heartbeat is the contraction of the heart muscle. The pulse is the resulting pressure wave felt in the arteries.
Circulation: The continuous movement of blood through the body.
Platelet difference: They are small, irregular cell fragments, not complete cells.
Immune system role in blood: White blood cells in the blood are a key part of the immune system.
Continuous blood flow importance: To ensure all cells constantly receive oxygen and nutrients and have waste removed.
One circulation cycle: Blood is pumped from the heart to the body and back, and also from the heart to the lungs and back.

Section C: Short Answer Questions (2 marks each)

Blood Circulation Process: Oxygenated blood is pumped from the left side of the heart through arteries to the body's tissues. In the capillaries, oxygen is delivered and carbon dioxide is picked up. This deoxygenated blood then returns to the right side of the heart through veins, from where it is pumped to the lungs to be re-oxygenated.
Blood Composition: Blood consists of plasma (the liquid matrix carrying nutrients and waste), red blood cells (for oxygen transport via hemoglobin), white blood cells (for fighting infection), and platelets (for blood clotting).
Arteries vs. Veins vs. Capillaries: Arteries have thick, muscular walls to handle high pressure and carry blood away from the heart. Veins have thinner walls and valves to prevent backflow as they carry blood towards the heart. Capillaries are one-cell thick to allow for the efficient exchange of substances between blood and tissues.
Heartbeat and Pulse: The heartbeat is the sound of the heart valves closing as the heart muscle contracts and relaxes. The pulse is the palpable pressure wave created by the heartbeat as blood surges through the arteries. Both are measured in beats per minute (BPM) and should be equal in a healthy individual.
ABO Blood Group System: This system classifies blood into four types (A, B, AB, O) based on the presence of A and B antigens on red blood cells. Blood typing is crucial for transfusions to prevent an immune reaction where the recipient's antibodies attack the donor's antigens, which can be fatal.
Exercise Benefits: Regular exercise strengthens the heart muscle, allowing it to pump more blood with each beat. It also helps lower blood pressure, improve cholesterol levels, and maintain a healthy weight, all of which reduce the risk of heart disease.
Hemoglobin's Role: Hemoglobin is a protein within red blood cells that contains iron and readily binds with oxygen in the lungs. It is responsible for transporting this oxygen to all body cells, which need it for cellular respiration to produce energy. Without hemoglobin, oxygen transport would be insufficient to sustain life.
Blood Pressure: Blood pressure is the force of blood against artery walls. Systolic pressure is the higher number, representing the pressure when the heart contracts. Diastolic pressure is the lower number, representing the pressure when the heart is at rest. It is a key indicator of cardiovascular health.
White Blood Cells (WBCs): WBCs, or leukocytes, are the mobile units of the body's immune system. They are crucial for health as they identify and destroy pathogens like bacteria and viruses, remove dead cells, and are involved in the inflammatory response, protecting the body from disease.
Blood Clotting: When a blood vessel is injured, platelets rush to the site and form a temporary plug. They then release chemical signals that activate a cascade of clotting factors in the plasma, culminating in the formation of a fibrin mesh. This mesh traps red blood cells and platelets, forming a stable clot that stops bleeding and allows the wound to heal.
Oxygenated vs. Deoxygenated Blood: Oxygenated blood is rich in oxygen, appears bright red, and is found in arteries leaving the heart (and pulmonary veins). Deoxygenated blood is low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide, appears dark red, and is found in veins returning to the heart (and the pulmonary artery).
Heart-Healthy Diet: A heart-healthy diet includes plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. It should feature lean proteins and healthy fats. Foods to avoid or limit include those high in saturated and trans fats, cholesterol, sodium (salt), and added sugars, as these can contribute to high blood pressure and clogged arteries.
Universal Donor/Recipient: Type O blood is the universal donor because its red blood cells have no A or B antigens, so they won't be attacked by the recipient's immune system. Type AB blood is the universal recipient because the plasma contains no antibodies against A or B antigens, so it can safely receive any blood type.
Circulatory & Respiratory System Interaction: The respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange with the external environment (breathing in O2, breathing out CO2). The circulatory system is the transport system; it moves the O2 from the lungs to the body's cells and transports the waste product CO2 from the cells back to the lungs to be exhaled.
Regular Heart Rate Importance: A regular heart rate (rhythm) indicates that the heart's electrical conduction system is functioning correctly. An irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) can mean the heart is not pumping blood efficiently, which can lead to fatigue, dizziness, or more serious conditions like stroke or cardiac arrest.
Heart Disease Risk Factors:
- High Blood Pressure: Forces the heart to work harder, straining the muscle and damaging arteries.
- Smoking: Damages the lining of blood vessels, increases blood pressure, and reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood.
- High Cholesterol: Leads to the formation of plaque in arteries (atherosclerosis), which can block blood flow.
Heart as a Pump: The heart is a four-chambered organ made of specialized cardiac muscle. It functions as a dual pump: the right side receives deoxygenated blood and pumps it to the lungs, while the left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the body. Valves ensure that blood flows in only one direction.
Journey of a Red Blood Cell: A red blood cell leaves the left ventricle of the heart, travels through the aorta and smaller arteries to a capillary bed in a body tissue (e.g., a muscle). Here, it releases its oxygen and picks up carbon dioxide. It then travels back to the heart through veins, enters the right atrium, and is pumped to the lungs to release CO2 and pick up fresh oxygen.
Blood Pressure Regulation: Blood pressure is regulated by a complex system involving the heart, blood vessels, kidneys, and hormones. The body can change blood pressure by altering the force of the heart's contractions, the diameter of blood vessels (vasoconstriction/vasodilation), and the volume of blood. Persistently high blood pressure (hypertension) can damage organs, while low blood pressure (hypotension) can cause dizziness.
Blood Cell Life Cycle: Most blood cells are produced in the bone marrow through a process called hematopoiesis. Red blood cells live for about 120 days, while the lifespan of white blood cells and platelets varies. Old and damaged red blood cells are primarily removed from circulation by the spleen and liver.
Blood pH Balance: The body must maintain a slightly alkaline blood pH (around 7.4) for enzymes and metabolic processes to function correctly. This balance is maintained primarily by the respiratory system (regulating CO2 levels) and the renal system (excreting acids or bases in urine), along with chemical buffers in the blood itself.
Smoking and Cardiovascular System: Smoking damages the cardiovascular system by damaging the inner lining of arteries, which promotes atherosclerosis. Nicotine raises blood pressure and heart rate, while carbon monoxide from smoke reduces the amount of oxygen that blood can carry. This combination greatly increases the risk of heart attack and stroke.
Stress and Heart Health: Chronic stress can lead to high blood pressure, inflammation, and unhealthy behaviors like poor diet and lack of exercise. The release of stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline can, over time, damage blood vessels and increase the risk of cardiovascular events.
Heart Attack: A heart attack (myocardial infarction) occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart muscle is blocked, usually by a blood clot forming on a ruptured atherosclerotic plaque. This deprives the heart muscle of oxygen, causing tissue death. Immediate treatment to restore blood flow is critical to minimize damage.
Aging and the Cardiovascular System: With age, the heart muscle may thicken and become less efficient, and arteries tend to stiffen (arteriosclerosis), which can lead to increased blood pressure. The heart's natural pacemaker system may also develop issues. These changes increase the overall risk of cardiovascular disease in older adults.

Section D: Long Answer Questions (3 marks each)

Complete Structure of the Circulatory System: The circulatory system is composed of the heart, a four-chambered muscular pump; blood, the transport medium; and a vast network of blood vessels. The vessels include arteries that carry blood away from the heart, branching into smaller arterioles; capillaries, microscopic vessels where nutrient and gas exchange occurs; and veins that carry blood back to the heart, formed from the convergence of smaller venules. This closed-loop structure ensures that blood is continuously and efficiently delivered to every cell in the body.
Complete Pathway of Blood Circulation: The cycle has two main circuits. In the systemic circuit, oxygenated blood is pumped from the heart's left ventricle into the aorta, travels through arteries to the body's tissues, delivers oxygen in the capillaries, and returns as deoxygenated blood via veins to the right atrium. In the pulmonary circuit, this deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right ventricle to the lungs via the pulmonary artery, gets oxygenated in the lung capillaries, and returns to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins, ready to start the systemic circuit again.
Detailed Analysis of Blood Composition: Blood is about 55% plasma, a straw-colored liquid that transports cells, nutrients, hormones, and waste. The remaining 45% consists of cells: Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes), which are packed with hemoglobin for oxygen transport; White Blood Cells (Leukocytes), which are diverse cells of the immune system that fight infection; and Platelets (Thrombocytes), which are cell fragments essential for initiating blood clots to prevent bleeding.
ABO and Rh Blood Group Systems: The ABO system is based on the presence of A and B antigens on RBCs. Type A has A antigens, B has B, AB has both, and O has neither. The body produces antibodies against the antigens it lacks. The Rh system is based on the presence (Rh+) or absence (Rh-) of the D antigen. For a safe transfusion, the donor's antigens must not react with the recipient's antibodies. This makes Type O- the universal donor and Type AB+ the universal recipient.
Mechanism of Gas Exchange: Gas exchange occurs via diffusion down a pressure gradient. In the lungs, oxygen is at a high pressure in the alveoli and diffuses into the low-pressure blood, binding to hemoglobin in red blood cells. In the body tissues, the situation is reversed: oxygen is released from hemoglobin and diffuses into the low-oxygen cells. Simultaneously, high-pressure carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism, diffuses from the tissues into the blood to be transported back to the lungs for exhalation.
Factors Affecting Blood Pressure: Blood pressure is influenced by cardiac output, blood volume, and peripheral resistance. Physiological factors include heart rate, vessel elasticity, and hormones. Lifestyle factors like a high-sodium diet, lack of exercise, stress, and smoking can lead to hypertension (high blood pressure), which increases the risk of heart attack, stroke, and kidney disease. Hypotension (low blood pressure) can cause dizziness and fainting.
Diet and Cardiovascular Health: A heart-healthy diet is crucial for preventing cardiovascular disease. It should be rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein, which provide vitamins, minerals, and fiber. Foods to limit include those high in saturated and trans fats (which raise bad cholesterol), sodium (which raises blood pressure), and added sugars (which contribute to obesity and inflammation). Healthy fats, like those in olive oil and fish, are beneficial.
Exercise and Cardiovascular Health: Regular physical activity, especially aerobic exercise like running or swimming, strengthens the heart muscle, allowing it to pump blood more efficiently (lower resting heart rate). Exercise helps maintain flexible arteries, lowers blood pressure, improves the body's use of insulin, and helps manage weight. These combined effects significantly reduce the risk of developing heart disease.
Blood Clotting Process: When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets adhere to the site and form a plug. This activates a complex cascade involving numerous clotting factors in the plasma. This cascade results in the conversion of fibrinogen (a soluble protein) into fibrin (insoluble threads). The fibrin threads form a mesh that traps platelets and red blood cells, creating a stable clot that seals the wound and stops bleeding.
Major Cardiovascular Diseases: The most common is Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), caused by atherosclerosis in the heart's arteries, which can lead to a heart attack. Stroke occurs when blood flow to the brain is blocked. Heart Failure is a condition where the heart can't pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. Prevention for all involves managing risk factors like high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and smoking through healthy lifestyle choices and medication.
The Cardiac Cycle: The cardiac cycle is the sequence of events in one heartbeat. It consists of diastole (relaxation phase), where the chambers fill with blood, and systole (contraction phase), where the chambers pump blood out. The cycle is driven by an electrical conduction system starting at the SA node (pacemaker), which generates an impulse that spreads through the atria (causing them to contract) and then to the ventricles via the AV node, causing them to contract.
Cardiovascular Adaptations During Exercise: To meet the increased oxygen demand of working muscles, the cardiovascular system responds immediately. The heart rate and stroke volume (amount of blood pumped per beat) increase, boosting cardiac output. Blood flow is redirected from non-essential organs to the skeletal muscles. Blood pressure increases to ensure rapid delivery of oxygenated blood. Over time, training makes these responses more efficient.
Atherosclerosis: This is a chronic disease where fatty deposits, cholesterol, and other substances build up in the inner lining of an artery, forming a hard structure called plaque. This plaque narrows the arteries, restricting blood flow. If a plaque ruptures, it can trigger a blood clot that completely blocks the artery, causing a heart attack or stroke. Prevention and treatment focus on lifestyle changes (diet, exercise) and medications to lower cholesterol and blood pressure.
Cardiovascular System in Homeostasis: The circulatory system is central to maintaining a stable internal environment (homeostasis). It helps regulate body temperature by distributing heat and controlling blood flow to the skin. It transports buffers and works with the kidneys and lungs to maintain pH balance. It also regulates fluid balance by interacting with the lymphatic and renal systems.
Fetal vs. Adult Circulation: Fetal circulation is adapted for a non-breathing, fluid-filled lung environment. The fetus receives oxygenated blood from the mother via the umbilical vein. Special structures, like the foramen ovale (a hole between the atria) and the ductus arteriosus (a vessel connecting the pulmonary artery to the aorta), shunt blood away from the lungs. After birth, these shunts close as the baby begins to breathe, and the circulation transitions to the adult pattern.
Aging and the Cardiovascular System: As a person ages, the heart muscle may become thicker and less compliant, and the maximum heart rate may decrease. Arteries tend to lose elasticity and stiffen, a condition called arteriosclerosis, which contributes to a gradual increase in systolic blood pressure. These changes reduce the heart's reserve capacity and increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle can mitigate many of these effects.
Heart Failure: Heart failure is a chronic condition where the heart muscle is unable to pump blood effectively enough to meet the body's needs. It can be caused by conditions that damage or overwork the heart, like coronary artery disease or long-term high blood pressure. The body may try to compensate by enlarging the heart or increasing heart rate, but these mechanisms eventually fail. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, medications to improve heart function and reduce strain, and sometimes surgery.
Cardiovascular System and Other Systems: The circulatory system is the master transport system that supports all others. It delivers oxygen and nutrients to the nervous system to fuel brain activity. It absorbs nutrients from the digestive system for distribution. It transports waste products to the excretory system (kidneys) for removal. It also carries hormones for the endocrine system and immune cells for the immune system.
Angiogenesis: Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones. It is a vital process in growth, development, and wound healing. However, it is also a hallmark of cancer, as tumors require a blood supply to grow and metastasize. Research into factors that promote (for healing) or inhibit (for cancer treatment) angiogenesis is a major area of medical science.
Emergency Cardiovascular Conditions:
- Heart Attack: Caused by a blocked coronary artery. Immediate treatment involves calling emergency services, chewing an aspirin, and potentially CPR if the person becomes unresponsive.
- Cardiac Arrest: The heart stops beating effectively. Requires immediate CPR and defibrillation with an AED to restore a normal rhythm.
- Severe Bleeding: Requires applying direct, firm pressure to the wound to control blood loss until medical help arrives.
Modern Lifestyle and Cardiovascular Health: Modern lifestyles, characterized by sedentary behavior (desk jobs, screen time), high consumption of processed foods (rich in salt, sugar, and unhealthy fats), and chronic stress, have led to a pandemic of cardiovascular disease. These factors contribute directly to obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and high cholesterol, all major risk factors for heart disease and stroke.
Cardiovascular Fitness Testing: Cardiovascular fitness is often assessed with tests like the graded exercise test (stress test), where an individual walks on a treadmill while their ECG, heart rate, and blood pressure are monitored. Other measures include VO2 max testing, which directly measures the maximum amount of oxygen a person can utilize during intense exercise. These tests help determine heart health and prescribe safe exercise levels.
Genetic and Environmental Factors in CVD Risk: Cardiovascular disease risk is a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental/lifestyle factors. A family history of early heart disease is a significant, non-modifiable risk factor. Ethnicity can also play a role. However, these genetic risks can be significantly mitigated by controlling modifiable environmental factors like diet, exercise, smoking, and managing stress.
Heart-Healthy Dietary Patterns:
- Mediterranean Diet: Emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, olive oil, and fish. It is associated with lower rates of heart disease.
- DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) Diet: Focuses on high intake of fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy, and low intake of sodium. It is proven to lower blood pressure.
- Plant-Based Diets: These diets, which minimize or exclude animal products, are typically low in saturated fat and high in fiber, and are strongly linked to improved cardiovascular health.
Innovations in Cardiovascular Medicine: Recent advances include less invasive surgical techniques (e.g., transcatheter valve replacement), more effective medications like PCSK9 inhibitors for cholesterol, advanced imaging techniques for early diagnosis of atherosclerosis, and wearable technology (like smartwatches with ECG) that allows for continuous monitoring of heart health. These innovations are improving survival rates and quality of life for patients with cardiovascular disease.

The Circulatory System

Circulatory System - Question Paper

Section A: Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) - 100 Questions (1 mark each)

Section B: Short Answer Questions (1 mark each) - 100 Questions

Section C: Short Answer Questions (2 marks each) - 25 Questions

Section D: Long Answer Questions (3 marks each) - 25 Questions

Answer Key

Circulatory System Answer Script

Section A: Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

Section B: Short Answer Questions (1 mark each)

Section C: Short Answer Questions (2 marks each)

Section D: Long Answer Questions (3 marks each)

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