Scientists and Their Contributions

Scientists and Their Contributions and List of Abbreviations to be Studied

Scientist	Contribution
Oparin	Coacervates, Conditions on primitive earth were favourable for chemical evolution
Stanley Miller & Harold Urey	Recreated probable conditions on primitive earth
Ernst Haeckel	Proposed the recapitulation theory
Charles Darwin	Natural Selection
Lamarck	Inheritance of acquired characters
Hugo de Vries	Mutation
T. R. Malthus	Theory of Human Population Growth/ Essays on population
Alec Jeffrey	DNA fingerprinting
Temin and Baltimore	Reverse transcription
Jacob, Monad and Lwoff	Proposed Lac operon
Watson and Crick	Structure of DNA
Nirenberg and Khorana	Genetic code
Benzer	Cistron, recon, muton
Gregor Mendel	Father of genetics
Sutton and Boveri	Chromosomal theory of inheritance
Hugo de Vries, Correns and Tschermack	Rediscovered Mendelism
T H Morgan	Linkage
P Maheshwari	Plant tissue culture
Henking	Discovered X-chromosome
F. Miescher	Isolated nucleic acid from pus cells, called Nuclein
Chargaff	Rule of equivalence in DNA structure
F. Griffith	Transformation in bacteria
Avery, MacLeod and McCarty	DNA is the genetic material
Hershey and Chase	DNA is the genetic material
Meselson and Stahl	Semi-conservative replication of DNA
G. Gamow	Triplet nature of codons
S Ochoa	Discovered polynucleotide phosphorylase
Wallace	Divided the Earth into biogeographical regions
M S Swaminathan	Green revolution in India
H Boyer	Discovered Restriction Enzyme
S Cohen	Method to transfer plasmid DNA in host cells
R. Mishra	Father of Indian Ecology
E. Wilson	Coined the term Biodiversity
P Ehrlich	Rivet Popper Hypothesis
Sanger	DNA/Protein sequencing
Beijerinck	Contagium vivum fluidum
Carl Woese	Three domains of life
Engelmann	Action spectrum of photosynthesis
Ernst Mayr	Biological species concept
F.F. Blackman	Law of limiting factor
F W Went	Isolated Auxins
Farmer and Moore	Discovered meiosis
G.N. Ramachandran	Analysis of Protein structure
George Palade	Discovered ribosomes
Huxley and Niedergerke	Sliding filament theory
Ivanowsky	Discovered Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Karl Landsteiner	Blood groups
Katherine Esau	Anatomy of plants
Peter Mitchell	Chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis
Priestley	Plants restore oxygen in the air
Robert Brown	Discovered nucleus
Singer and Nicolson	Proposed fluid mosaic model of plasma membrane
Sutherland	Cyclic AMP as second messenger
T. O. Diener	Discovered viroids
Thomas Addison	Father of endocrinology
Van Neil	Oxygen released during photosynthesis comes from water
W. M. Stanley	Crystallised TMV
Waldeyer	Coined the term chromosome
Whittaker	Five kingdoms of life
William Harvey	Discovered circulatory system

Abbreviation	Full Form
ADA	Adenosine Deaminase
CMI	Cell Mediated Immunity
CNG	Compressed Natural Gas
CPCB	Central Pollution Control Board
DDT	Dichloro diphenyl trichloro ethane
DFC	Detritus Food Chain
EFB	European Federation of Biotechnology
EST	Expressed Sequence Tags
ET	Embryo Transfer
GFC	Grazing Food Chain
GMO	Genetically Modified Organism
GPP	Gross Primary Productivity
hnRNA	Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribo Nucleic Acid
IARI	Indian Agricultural Research Institute
IMR	Infant Mortality Rate
IRRI	International Rice Research Institute
ICSI	Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection
IUCD/IUD	Intra uterine contraceptive device
IUCN	International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
IUI	Intra Uterine Insemination
IUT	Intra Uterine Transfer
JFM	Joint Forest Management
LAB	Lactic Acid Bacteria
MALT	Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue
MMR	Maternal Mortality Rate
MOET	Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology
NACO	National AIDS Control Organisation
NPP	Net Primary Productivity
PID	Pelvic Inflammatory Diseases
PKU	Phenyl ketonuria
RCH	Reproductive and Child Health Care Programmes
SCID	Severe Combined Immuno Deficiency
SNPs	Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms
snRNA	Small Nuclear Ribo Nucleic Acid
sRNA	Soluble Ribo Nucleic Acid
SSBP	Single Strand Binding Protein
UTR	Untranslated Region
VNTRs	Variable Number of Tandem Repeats
2,4-D	2, 4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid
ABA	Abscisic Acid
ANF	Atrial Natriuretic Factor
CCK	Cholecystokinin
ECG	Electrocardiogram
ERV	Expiratory Reserve Volume
ETS	Electron Transport System
FAD	Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide
FRC	Functional Residual Capacity
GA	Gibberellic acid
GFR	Glomerular Filtration Rate
GIP	Gastric Inhibitory Peptide
IBA	Indole Butyric Acid
IRV	Inspiratory Reserve Volume
LHC	Light Harvesting Complex
NAA	Naphthalene Acetic Acid
NADPH	Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (reduced)
OAA	Oxaloacetic Acid
PGA	Phosphoglyceric Acid
PGRs	Plant Growth Regulators
PPLO	Pleuro Pneumonia Like Organism
PZ	Pancreozymin
RQ	Respiratory Quotient
RUBISCO	Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase Oxygenase
RuBP	Ribulose Bisphosphate
TMV	Tobacco Mosaic Virus
IVF	In Vitro Fertilization
GIFT	Gamete Intra-Fallopian Transfer
ZIFT	Zygote Intra-Fallopian Transfer
TESA	Testicular Sperm Aspiration
AI	Artificial Insemination
ART	Assisted Reproductive Technology
IVM	In Vitro Maturation
PGD	Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis
PCR	Polymerase Chain Reaction
ELISA	Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
RFLP	Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
RAPD	Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA
mRNA	Messenger Ribonucleic Acid
tRNA	Transfer Ribonucleic Acid
rRNA	Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid
snoRNA	Small Nucleolar Ribonucleic Acid
siRNA	Small Interfering Ribonucleic Acid
miRNA	Micro Ribonucleic Acid
dsRNA	Double-Stranded RNA
ssRNA	Single-Stranded RNA
dsDNA	Double-Stranded DNA
ssDNA	Single-Stranded DNA
cDNA	Complementary DNA
RT-PCR	Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
qPCR	Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction
GUS	β‑Glucuronidase
Bt	Bacillus thuringiensis
TLC	Thin Layer Chromatography
GC-MS	Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry
HPLC	High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
SDS-PAGE	Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis