Hormones - BioNotes

HORMONES

Hormone	Origin	Hyposecretion	Hypersecretion
Insulin	Pancreas	Diabetes mellitus type 1	Hyperinsulinism
Growth Hormone	Pituitary gland	Pituitary dwarfism	Acromegaly
Thyroxine	Thyroid gland	Hypothyroidism	Hyperthyroidism
Cortisol	Adrenal glands	Addison's disease	Cushing's syndrome
Adrenaline	Adrenal glands	Adrenal insufficiency	Pheochromocytoma
Estrogen	Ovaries	Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI)	Estrogen dominance
Testosterone	Testes	Hypogonadism	Testicular tumors (Leydig cell tumors)
Progesterone	Ovaries	Progesterone deficiency	Hyperprogesteronism (rare)
Parathyroid hormone	Parathyroid glands	Hypoparathyroidism	Hyperparathyroidism
Melatonin	Pineal gland	Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)	Circadian rhythm disorders
Oxytocin	Hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland	Inadequate uterine contractions during labor (inadequate labor progression)	Excessive uterine contractions during labor (uterine hyperstimulation)
Aldosterone	Adrenal glands	Addison's disease (secondary adrenal insufficiency)	Hyperaldosteronism
Prolactin	Pituitary gland	Hypoprolactinemia	Hyperprolactinemia
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)	Pituitary gland	Hypothyroidism	Hyperthyroidism
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)	Pituitary gland	Hypogonadism	Gonadotropin-secreting tumors
Luteinizing hormone (LH)	Pituitary gland	Hypogonadism	Gonadotropin-secreting tumors
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)	Pituitary gland	Adrenal insufficiency (secondary adrenal insufficiency)	Cushing's disease
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)	Hypothalamus	Diabetes insipidus	Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)
Calcitonin	Thyroid gland	Hypocalcemia	Medullary thyroid cancer
Glucagon	Pancreas	Hypoglycemia	Glucagonoma
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)	Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, skin	Hypopituitarism	Melanosis, hyperpigmentation
Ghrelin	Stomach	Prader-Willi syndrome	Ghrelinoma
Leptin	Adipose tissue	Leptin deficiency	Leptin resistance (obesity-related)
Serotonin	Enterochromaffin cells	Serotonin deficiency syndrome	Serotonin syndrome
Vasopressin	Hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland	Diabetes insipidus	Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)
Somatostatin	Pancreas, hypothalamus	Diabetes mellitus type 2 (insulin resistance)	Somatostatinoma
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)	Heart	Sodium retention	Atrial myxoma
Relaxin	Ovaries, placenta	Preterm labor	Overactive relaxin production
Thymosin	Thymus	Reduced T cell development	Thymus gland tumors
Erythropoietin	Kidneys	Anemia	Polycythemia
Cholecystokinin	Intestines	Decreased appetite	Overproduction leading to gallbladder issues
Adiponectin	Adipose tissue	Insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome	Not applicable (low levels associated with obesity)
Norepinephrine	Adrenal glands	Low blood pressure, depression	Hypertension, anxiety
Glucocorticoids	Adrenal glands	Adrenal insufficiency	Cushing's syndrome
Inhibin	Gonads	Unknown (potential involvement in some diseases)	Granulosa cell tumors (ovaries), testicular tumors
Vasoinhibins	Placenta, hypothalamus	Unknown (potential involvement in various conditions)	Not applicable (no specific hypersecretion condition)
Neurotensin	Nervous system, digestive tract	Unknown (potential involvement in various conditions)	Neurotensin-secreting tumors
Secretin	Duodenum	Impaired digestion, malabsorption	Not applicable (rapidly inactivated in the body)
Thrombopoietin	Liver, kidneys	Thrombocytopenia	Thrombocytosis
Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23)	Bones, kidneys	Hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia	Tumor-induced osteomalacia
Gastrin	Stomach, duodenum	Hypogastrinemia	Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma)
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)	Intestines	Impaired glucose regulation	Not applicable (rapidly degraded in the body)
Vasopressin	Hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland	Diabetes insipidus	Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
Serotonin	Enterochromaffin cells	Serotonin deficiency syndrome	Serotonin syndrome
Prostaglandins	Various tissues	Dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation)	Excessive menstrual bleeding (menorrhagia)
Vasopressin	Hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland	Diabetes insipidus	Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
Natriuretic peptides	Heart	Sodium retention, hypertension	Natriuretic peptide-secreting tumors