Class 11
Created by Titas Mallick
Biology Teacher • M.Sc. Botany • B.Ed. • CTET (CBSE) • CISCE Examiner
Created by Titas Mallick
Biology Teacher • M.Sc. Botany • B.Ed. • CTET (CBSE) • CISCE Examiner
Note on Hormones
HORMONES
| Hormone | Origin | Hyposecretion | Hypersecretion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Insulin | Pancreas | Diabetes mellitus type 1 | Hyperinsulinism |
| Growth Hormone | Pituitary gland | Pituitary dwarfism | Acromegaly |
| Thyroxine | Thyroid gland | Hypothyroidism | Hyperthyroidism |
| Cortisol | Adrenal glands | Addison's disease | Cushing's syndrome |
| Adrenaline | Adrenal glands | Adrenal insufficiency | Pheochromocytoma |
| Estrogen | Ovaries | Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) | Estrogen dominance |
| Testosterone | Testes | Hypogonadism | Testicular tumors (Leydig cell tumors) |
| Progesterone | Ovaries | Progesterone deficiency | Hyperprogesteronism (rare) |
| Parathyroid hormone | Parathyroid glands | Hypoparathyroidism | Hyperparathyroidism |
| Melatonin | Pineal gland | Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) | Circadian rhythm disorders |
| Oxytocin | Hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland | Inadequate uterine contractions during labor (inadequate labor progression) | Excessive uterine contractions during labor (uterine hyperstimulation) |
| Aldosterone | Adrenal glands | Addison's disease (secondary adrenal insufficiency) | Hyperaldosteronism |
| Prolactin | Pituitary gland | Hypoprolactinemia | Hyperprolactinemia |
| Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) | Pituitary gland | Hypothyroidism | Hyperthyroidism |
| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | Pituitary gland | Hypogonadism | Gonadotropin-secreting tumors |
| Luteinizing hormone (LH) | Pituitary gland | Hypogonadism | Gonadotropin-secreting tumors |
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | Pituitary gland | Adrenal insufficiency (secondary adrenal insufficiency) | Cushing's disease |
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | Hypothalamus | Diabetes insipidus | Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH) |
| Calcitonin | Thyroid gland | Hypocalcemia | Medullary thyroid cancer |
| Glucagon | Pancreas | Hypoglycemia | Glucagonoma |
| Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) | Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, skin | Hypopituitarism | Melanosis, hyperpigmentation |
| Ghrelin | Stomach | Prader-Willi syndrome | Ghrelinoma |
| Leptin | Adipose tissue | Leptin deficiency | Leptin resistance (obesity-related) |
| Serotonin | Enterochromaffin cells | Serotonin deficiency syndrome | Serotonin syndrome |
| Vasopressin | Hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland | Diabetes insipidus | Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH) |
| Somatostatin | Pancreas, hypothalamus | Diabetes mellitus type 2 (insulin resistance) | Somatostatinoma |
| Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) | Heart | Sodium retention | Atrial myxoma |
| Relaxin | Ovaries, placenta | Preterm labor | Overactive relaxin production |
| Thymosin | Thymus | Reduced T cell development | Thymus gland tumors |
| Erythropoietin | Kidneys | Anemia | Polycythemia |
| Cholecystokinin | Intestines | Decreased appetite | Overproduction leading to gallbladder issues |
| Adiponectin | Adipose tissue | Insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome | Not applicable (low levels associated with obesity) |
| Norepinephrine | Adrenal glands | Low blood pressure, depression | Hypertension, anxiety |
| Glucocorticoids | Adrenal glands | Adrenal insufficiency | Cushing's syndrome |
| Inhibin | Gonads | Unknown (potential involvement in some diseases) | Granulosa cell tumors (ovaries), testicular tumors |
| Vasoinhibins | Placenta, hypothalamus | Unknown (potential involvement in various conditions) | Not applicable (no specific hypersecretion condition) |
| Neurotensin | Nervous system, digestive tract | Unknown (potential involvement in various conditions) | Neurotensin-secreting tumors |
| Secretin | Duodenum | Impaired digestion, malabsorption | Not applicable (rapidly inactivated in the body) |
| Thrombopoietin | Liver, kidneys | Thrombocytopenia | Thrombocytosis |
| Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) | Bones, kidneys | Hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia | Tumor-induced osteomalacia |
| Gastrin | Stomach, duodenum | Hypogastrinemia | Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma) |
| Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) | Intestines | Impaired glucose regulation | Not applicable (rapidly degraded in the body) |
| Vasopressin | Hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland | Diabetes insipidus | Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) |
| Serotonin | Enterochromaffin cells | Serotonin deficiency syndrome | Serotonin syndrome |
| Prostaglandins | Various tissues | Dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation) | Excessive menstrual bleeding (menorrhagia) |
| Vasopressin | Hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland | Diabetes insipidus | Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) |
| Natriuretic peptides | Heart | Sodium retention, hypertension | Natriuretic peptide-secreting tumors |
The Master Gland The Pituitary Gland is often called the "Master Gland" because it controls many other endocrine glands. However, it is itself commanded by the Hypothalamus, which acts as the ultimate bridge between the nervous and endocrine systems.
Diabetes vs. Diabetes Don't confuse Diabetes Mellitus (related to Insulin and high blood sugar) with Diabetes Insipidus (related to ADH deficiency and excessive water loss). They share a name because both cause excessive urination, but their causes are completely different!
/Class-11/Hormones.mdx