Antiseptics vs. Disinfectants
Antiseptics (like Dettol) are mild enough to be used on living tissues (wounds), while disinfectants (like Bleach) are stronger and used only on non-living surfaces to kill germs.
Q1. Define personal hygiene.A1. Personal hygiene refers to the practices that individuals follow to maintain cleanliness and health of their bodies.
Q2. What is a communicable disease?A2. A communicable disease is one that can spread from one person to another through various means.
Q3. Give one example of an endemic disease.A3. Malaria in tropical regions.
Q4. Name the vector for malaria transmission.A4. Female Anopheles mosquito.
Q5. What is active immunity?A5. Active immunity is immunity developed by the body's own immune system in response to antigens.
Q6. Give one example of an antiseptic.A6. Iodine or Dettol.
Q7. Name the causative agent of cholera.A7. Vibrio cholerae bacteria.
Q8. What does WHO stand for?A8. World Health Organization.
Q9. Define pandemic disease.A9. A pandemic disease is one that spreads across multiple countries or continents, affecting large numbers of people worldwide.
Q10. Give one example of airborne transmission.A10. Tuberculosis or Common cold.
Q11. Name one helminthic disease.A11. Ascariasis.
Q12. What is the main function of vaccination?A12. To stimulate active immunity against specific diseases.
Q13. Give one example of passive immunity.A13. Antibodies transferred from mother to baby through breast milk.
Q14. Name the causative agent of AIDS.A14. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus).
Q15. What is the difference between antiseptics and disinfectants in terms of application?A15. Antiseptics are applied to living tissues while disinfectants are applied to non-living surfaces.
Q1. Explain three types of disease classification based on spread patterns.A1.
Communicable diseases: Can spread from person to person through various means (e.g., tuberculosis, malaria)
Non-communicable diseases: Cannot be transmitted between people, often due to lifestyle or genetic factors (e.g., diabetes, cancer)
Endemic diseases: Constantly present in specific geographic areas at predictable rates (e.g., goiter in iodine-deficient areas)
Q2. Describe three modes of disease transmission with examples.A2.
Airborne transmission: Disease spreads through air via droplets from coughing/sneezing (e.g., tuberculosis, COVID-19)
Waterborne transmission: Pathogens spread through contaminated water sources (e.g., cholera, typhoid)
Vector-borne transmission: Disease carried by living organisms like mosquitoes carrying malaria, flies transmitting cholera
Q3. Explain the symptoms and control measures of cholera.A3.Symptoms: Severe watery diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, muscle cramps, rapid pulse
Control measures: Safe drinking water, proper sanitation, food hygiene, oral rehydration therapy (ORT), vaccination in high-risk areas
Q4. Differentiate between active and passive immunity with examples.A4.Active Immunity:
Body produces its own antibodies
Long-lasting protection
Example: Immunity after vaccination or disease recovery
Passive Immunity:
Ready-made antibodies from external source
Temporary protection
Example: Mother's antibodies to baby, anti-snake venom injection
Q5. Describe three major activities of the Red Cross.A5.
Emergency Response: Provides disaster relief and emergency medical services during natural disasters and conflicts
Blood Services: Collects, processes, and distributes blood for medical use in hospitals and emergency situations
Health Education: Conducts first aid, CPR, and water safety training programs for communities
Q6. Explain the symptoms and transmission of tuberculosis.A6.Symptoms: Persistent cough often with blood, chest pain, weight loss, night sweats, fatigue
Transmission: Airborne droplets released when infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks
Additional info: Affects lungs primarily but can spread to other organs
Q7. List three differences between antiseptics and disinfectants.A7.
Application: Antiseptics used on living tissues; disinfectants on non-living surfaces
Concentration: Antiseptics have lower, gentler concentration; disinfectants have higher, stronger concentration
Safety: Antiseptics safe for human contact; disinfectants not safe for living tissue contact
Q8. Describe three control measures for malaria prevention.A8.
Vector control: Eliminate mosquito breeding sites by removing stagnant water, using larvicides
Personal protection: Use of insecticide-treated bed nets, wearing protective clothing
Medical intervention: Early diagnosis and treatment with antimalarial drugs, chemoprophylaxis for travelers
Q9. Explain three major activities of WHO.A9.
Disease Control: Global surveillance, epidemic response coordination, immunization programs like polio eradication
Health Standards: Setting international health guidelines, developing policies, promoting universal health coverage
Emergency Response: Coordinating international health emergencies, deploying rapid response teams, pandemic preparedness
Q10. Describe the symptoms and control of typhoid fever.A10.Symptoms: High fever, severe headache, abdominal pain, rose-colored spots on chest, constipation or diarrhea
Control measures: Safe water and food practices, proper sewage disposal, hand washing, typhoid vaccination, antibiotic treatment
Q11. Explain three aspects of public hygiene and their importance.A11.
Waste disposal: Proper sewage systems prevent contamination of water sources and reduce disease transmission
Water supply: Clean, safe drinking water prevents waterborne diseases like cholera and typhoid
Food safety: Regulations ensure proper food handling, storage, and preparation to prevent foodborne illnesses
Q12. Describe the role of different vectors in disease transmission.A12.
Mosquitoes: Female Anopheles transmits malaria, Aedes spreads dengue and chikungunya
Houseflies: Contaminate food with bacteria causing cholera, typhoid, and dysentery
Cockroaches: Spread bacteria through food contamination, causing gastroenteritis and food poisoning
Q13. Explain natural and artificial active immunity.A13.Natural Active Immunity:
Developed after recovering from actual disease
Body's immune system creates antibodies naturally
Long-lasting, often lifelong protection (e.g., chickenpox immunity)
Artificial Active Immunity:
Acquired through vaccination with weakened/killed pathogens
Q14. Describe three helminthic diseases with their control measures.A14.
Ascariasis: Caused by roundworms, controlled through proper sanitation, hand washing, deworming programs
Taeniasis: Caused by tapeworms, controlled by proper meat cooking, meat inspection, good hygiene
Filariasis: Transmitted by mosquitoes, controlled through mosquito control, mass drug administration, bed nets
Q15. Explain the local defense system and its merits.A15.Components: Skin barrier, mucous membranes, stomach acid, white blood cells, inflammatory response
Merits: